[16] See Prince Kropotkine’s articles on “Mutual Aid among Animals,” “Nineteenth Century,” 1890, where the conclusion is arrived at that “sociability is as much a law of nature as mutual struggle.” A similar view is expressed in the “Study of Animal Life,” 1892, by J. Arthur Thomson. “What we must protest against,” he says, in an interesting chapter on “The Struggle of Life,” “is that one-sided interpretation according to which individualistic competition is nature’s sole method of progress.” Another and more recent work, which has a very important bearing on this question, is “Symbiosis: a Socio-Physiological Study of Evolution,” by H. Reinheimer, 1920. [17] Auguste Comte included the domestic animals as an organic part of the Positivist conception of humanity. [18] “Moral Duty towards Animals,” “Macmillan’s Magazine,” April, 1882, by the then Bishop of Carlisle. [19] See Lewis Gompertz’ “Moral Inquiries” (1824), where it is argued that “at least in the present state of society it is unjust, and considering the unnecessary abuse they suffer from being in the power of man, it is wrong to use them, and to encourage their being placed in his power.” [20] “Animals and their Masters,” p. 101. [21] See Appendix III. [22] Under the Animals (Anaesthetics) Act, 1919, an anæsthetic is now required in certain cases, but the scope of the Act needs to be greatly enlarged. [23] The use of dogs for purposes of draught was prohibited in London in 1839, and in 1854 this enactment was extended to the whole kingdom. [24] “On Cruelty to the Inferior Animals,” by Soame Jenyns, 1782. [25] Mr. E. B. Nicholson. See Appendix IV. [26] Unfortunately they are not of much value even for _that_ purpose, owing to the deterioration of health and vigour caused by their imprisonment. “The skeletons of aged carnivora,” says Dr. W. B. Carpenter, “are often good for nothing as museum specimens, their bones being rickety and distorted.” [27] “La Bible de l’Humanité.” [28] See the Humanitarian League pamphlets on “Cattle-ships,” and “The Reform of the Slaughter-house.” [29] “The Rights of an Animal,” 1879. [30] Edward Carpenter, “England’s Ideal.” [31] As in the article by Sir Herbert Maxwell on “Our Obligations to Wild Animals,” “Blackwood’s Magazine,” August, 1899. [32] Soame Jenyns, 1782. [33] See the chapter on Fallacies of Sportsmen in the volume of essays entitled “Killing for Sport” (George Bell and Sons, 1915). Several of the sophisms by which fox-hunting is commonly defended were employed by Dr. Lang, Archbishop of York, in an address which he gave (November 16, 1913) when dedicating a stained window to the memory of a deceased blood-sportsman. [34] “The Horrors of Sport,” Humanitarian League pamphlet, by Lady Florence Dixie.