By the revised statute, _Quia emptores_, of Edw. I., which forbids it in excess, under penalty of forfeiture (Hallam, vol. i. p. 184). Footnote 3.3.51: _Bhayyad_, ‘frerage’. Footnote 3.3.52: Hallam, vol. i. p. 186. Footnote 3.3.53: _Ibid._ Footnote 3.3.54: Hallam, vol. i. p. 186. Footnote 3.3.55: “Le _droit d’aînesse_ a causé, pendant l’existence du régime féodal, une multitude de guerres et de procès. Notre histoire nous présente, à chaque page, des cadets réduits à la mendicité, se livrant à toutes sortes de brigandages pour réparer les torts de la fortune; des aînés, refusant la légitime à leurs frères; des cadets, assassinant leur aîné pour lui succéder, etc.” (see article, ‘Droit d’aînesse,’ _Dict. de l’Ancien Régime_). ----- CHAPTER 4 =Rakhwāli.=—I now proceed to another point of striking resemblance between the systems of the east and wrest, arising from the same causes—the unsettled state of society, and the deficiency of paramount protection. It is here called _rakhwali_,[3.4.1] or ‘preservation’; the _salvamenta_ of Europe.[3.4.2] To a certain degree it always existed in these States; but the interminable predatory warfare of the last half century increased it to so frightful an extent that superior authority was required to redeem the abuses it had occasioned. It originated in the necessity of protection; and the modes of obtaining it, as well as the compensation [176] when obtained, were various. It often consisted of money or kind on the reaping of each harvest: sometimes in a multiplicity of petty privileges and advantages, but the chief object was to obtain _bhum_: and here we have one solution of the constituted _bhumia_,[3.4.3] assimilating, as observed, to the allodial proprietor. Bhum thus obtained is irrevocable; and in the eager anxiety for its acquisition we have another decided proof of every other kind of tenure being deemed resumable by the crown.