Courses. The sails below the topsails and next to the deck. Cutter. See Boats. Dollar. A corruption of the German "thaler," a name for a silver coin worth about four shillings. The name was extended in the form "dollar" to other coins of similar size, notably the old Spanish "piece of eight." See Pieces of eight. Doubloon. A former Spanish gold coin worth about eight dollars. Eight. See Pieces of. Embargo. A temporary order from Government to prevent the arrival or departure of ships. Fetch (the wake of). To reach the track left by a ship. File (of musketeers). Latin filum, French file = a row. The word is used to signify any line of men standing directly behind one another. In ordinary two-deep formations a file consists of two men, one in the front rank and one in the rear rank. Fishing (a mast). To strengthen or mend a mast by fastening strips of wood or iron along a weak or broken place. Foot-rope. A rope stretched under a yard arm for sailors to stand on while reefing or furling sails. Fore-cap. The cap is a stout block joining the bottom of one mast to the top of another; as where the foretopmast joins the foremast. Foremast, foretopmast, etc. See Mast. Fore-reach. To gain upon or pass; to beat in sailing. Foreyard. The lowest yard on the foremast of a square-rigged vessel. Grapnel. A boat's anchor having more than two flukes. Come to grapnel, cf. Come to anchor. Half-galleys. A galley is a low, flat-built sea-going vessel with one deck, propelled by sails and oars. A half-galley is a similar vessel, but much shorter. Half-pike. See Pike. Hand (the sails). To furl. Hawser. A large rope or small cable. Indulgences. The remission by authorised priests of the punishment due to sin. The sale of indulgences was one of the abuses that provoked the Reformation. Jerk. To cure meat, especially beef, by cutting it into long thin slices and drying it in the sun. Jury-mast. A small temporary mast often made of a yard; set up instead of a mast that is broken down. Larboard (or port). The left side of a ship looking towards the bow. Lay to (lie to). To reduce sail to the lowest limits, so as to become nearly stationary. Lee. The side or direction opposite to that from which the wind comes. Line, ship of the. A ship of sufficient size and armament to take a place in the line of battle. Linguist. Interpreter. Longboat. See Boats. Lumber. Sawn timber. Masts: The masts of a full-rigged three-masted ship are the following: Fore-mast, topmast, topgallant-mast, royal mast. Main-mast, topmast, topgallant-mast, royal mast. Mizzen-mast, topmast, topgallant-mast, royal mast. Monsoon. See Winds. Mortar. A kind of gun with a very short bore. It throws its projectile at a great elevation. Mortar, Cohorn (see chapter 7). Cohorn was a famous Dutch engineer and artillerist in the service of William III.