[16] Virchow, _Ueber einige Merkmale niederer Menschenrassen am Schädel_, p. 41: Berlin, 1875. _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, xii. 23: 1880. _Monatsbericht der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin_, p. 523: 1880. The _os epiptericum_ may be observed in cranium No. 92 of the Paris collection. It is plainly seen in Fig. 4, p. 127, in _Darwinismus und Thierproduction_ (Munich, 1876), in which I refer to this skull. See also Bischoff, _Schädelwerk_. [17] This illustration is from Duvernoy’s _Des caractères anatomiques des grandes singes pseudo-anthropomorphes_, plate ii. It is an excellent illustration of the characteristic spinous processes of the vertebral column, and of the relative position of the limbs. [18] Duvernoy, table vi. fig. B. [19] Brühl, _Zur Kenntniss des Orangkopfes_, pp. 2, 3. [20] “The Missing Link,” _Engineering and Mining Journal_, xx. 3: New York. [21] _Report of Anthropological Society_, Berlin, April 16, 1881. [22] Darwin’s _Descent of Man_, p. 21. [23] Virchow’s _Archiv. für Pathologische Anatomie_, liii. 485: 1871. [24] _Report of Anthropological Society_, Berlin, March 9, 1878. [25] Darwin’s _Descent of Man_, vol. i. p. 192. [26] _Geologische Bilder zur Geschichte der Erde und ihrer Bewohner_, ii. 120: Leipzig, 1851–53. [27] _Voyage pittoresque dans le Brésil_: Paris, 1839. [28] _Anthropogenie_, p. 482: Leipzig, 1874. [29] It appears to be very common among Japanese apes (_Inuus speciosus_). [30] Brühl has noted the intermittent occurrence of a connection between the greater wing of the sphenoid bone and the temporal bone. [31] _Archiv. für Anthropologie_, p. 121: 1878. [32] Schlocker, _Ueber die Anomalien des Pterion_. Inaugural dissertation. Dorpat, 1879. [33] _Zur Kraniologie der Mongoloiden: Beobachtungen und Messungen_, p. 56. Dissertation. Heidelburg, Berlin, 1882. [34] _Bulletin de la Société d’Anthropologie_, iv. fig. 305. [35] _Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie_, p. 164: 1872. [36] _Die vierte allgemeine Versammlung der deutschen Gesellschaft für Anthropologie_, p. 49. [37] _Die Urbevölkerung Europas_, p. 46. [38] _Quarterly Journal of Science_, January, 1864. Comp, also Fuhlrott, _Der fossile Mensch aus dem Neanderthal_: Duisburg, 1865. [39] _Archiv. für Anthropologie_, viii. fig. 63. [40] _Zeugnisse_, etc., 157. [41] _Crania Ethnica_, plate xxvi.; _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, series 12, plate viii. fig. 2. [42] _Crania Ethnica_, plate xxxvi. [43] Ten Kate, _loc. cit._ pp. 17, 42. Virchow is of opinion that the facts are not sufficiently clear to enable us to judge how far this formation affects men (_Monatsbericht der Akademie der Wissenschaft zu Berlin_, p. 258: 1881). The detachment of the malar bone from the spheno-maxillary fissure of the orbit has up to this time been too rarely observed in anthropoids to merit serious consideration in this work. [44] Joly, _Man before Metals_: London.