A similar formation has also been observed among men belonging to cultured races, both of ancient and modern times. Virchow, for example, discovered such bones in Transcaucasia (of the third and fourth century of the Christian era) and at Hanai-Tepe in Troas. All the large schools of anatomy in Europe contain specimens of tibiæ, which are to some extent platycnemic. These are also observed in the skeletons of primitive peoples of our time, as for example in the Negritos, Kanakas, and other African races. While some scientific men regard these bones as the result of an unhealthy condition, and the effect of rachitis, others more justly ascribe them to a vigorous exercise of the muscles in a one-sided direction. The idea expressed by Busk and others, that the platycnemic tibiæ discovered in ancient sites of Europe have belonged to a degraded race diffused over the whole continent, is contradicted by the wide diffusion of this characteristic, even in modern times. And it is doubtful whether platycnemy is absolutely restricted to the lower races. At Janischewek, Virchow found an extremely platycnemic tibia, exhumed from a kujawish grave of the Stone Age, which belonged to a skull remarkable for its unusual beauty and size, so that, taken by itself, the impression which it gave to an anatomist was that of a highly organized race.[56] [Illustration: Fig. 43. Section through a platycnemic tibia from Cro-Magnon. Fig. 44. Section through the tibia of a male gorilla. Fig. 45. Section through the tibia of a male chimpanzee. ]