In the museums of Switzerland we measured in 1887 several skulls of the ancient lake dwellers of that country, and found them larger in all respects, but particularly in the forehead, than those of the Swiss people of the last fifty years. The average circumference of the skulls we measured in the catacombs of Paris was twenty-one inches and a half, which is about an inch more than that of Parisians who have died within the past fifty years. "The average internal capacity of the Peruvian skull is only seventy-three cubic inches; that of Toltec skulls, seventy-seven inches, and that of barbarous tribes, eighty-two inches; so that the extraordinary anomaly is presented of a larger brain being possessed by the barbarous tribes than by the nations who achieved no mean degree of civilization in Central America and Peru. The average European skull is ninety-three inches in bulk."[56] The author was informed by Mr. Lucien Carr, of the Ethnological Museum of Harvard University, that the capacity of the Peruvian skulls was about one hundred centimetres smaller than that of the skulls of any other people living in America at the same time. Yet that small-headed people was the most highly civilized of all. FOOTNOTES: [32] Medical Times and Gazette, London, England, November 17, 1883. [33] Whewell also had "the scalp and skull thick." Brain weighed 49 ounces. The Lancet, London, England, March 17, 1866, p. 280. [34] Medical Times and Gazette, London, England, May 12, 1883, p. 525. [35] London Medical Gazette, London, England, September 13, 1828, p. 478. [36] Brain Weight of Man. By Dr. Bischoff. Bonn, Germany, 1880, p. 137. [37] Authority for this weight is the Medical Army Museum, Washington, D. C. [38] This brain is kept in and its weight is recorded on the glass jar in the Pathological Museum at Munich, Germany. [39] Idiocy and Imbecility. By Dr. Ireland. London, 1877, p. 75. [40] The Human Species. By A. De Quatrefages. D. Appleton and Company, New York, 1884, p. 380. [41] Dr. Gall's works, Boston, Massachusetts, vol. i, p. 36. [42] Life of George Combe, London, 1878, vol. ii, p. 381. [43] Medical News and Gazette, London, June 16, 1888, p. 521. [44] Morning Herald, Sydney, Australia, February 23, 1884. [45] Eleven Chinamen, found by Dr. C. Clapham to afford an average of 50.4 ounces, had been killed in a typhoon, and were therefore in no wise wasted by disease. (Journal of the Anthropological Institute, London, England, vol. vii, p. 90.) [46] The Nervous System, London, 1834, p. 447. [47] Anatomie comparative du système nerveux, tome i, 1839, p. 506. [48] Ueber die typischen Verschiedenheiten der Windungen der Hemisphären und über die Lehre vom Hirngewicht, Göttingen, 1860. Also see Pathology and Therapeutics of Mental Diseases, London, 1870, p. 23. [49] History of Philosophy, London, 1867, vol. ii, p. 433. [50] The Brain as an Organ of Mind, London, 1880, pp. 276, 277. [51] Nachrichten, Göttingen, February 29, 1860, p. 75.