4. Alms giving (about 1-40 of income.) 5. Pilgrimage _Mecca_ (incumbent) Medina (meritorious but voluntary) Kerbela, Meshed Ali, etc., (Shiahs) [A] Verbally handed down from mouth to mouth and finally _sifted_ and recorded by both sects: [B] Not one of them flourished until _three cenruries_ after Mohammed. [C] By Abu Jaafar. ANALYSIS OF THE BORROWED ELEMENTS OF ISLAM. I. From HEATHENISM (As existing in Mecca or prevalent in other parts of Arabia.) a. Sabeanism: Astrological superstitions, _e. g._, that meteorites are cast at the devil. Oaths by the stars and planets. (Surahs 56, 53, etc.) Circumambulation of Kaaba—and, perhaps, the _lunar_ calendar. b. Arabian Idolatry: Allah (as _name_ of supreme deity), used in old poets and worshipped by Hanifs. Mecca—centre of religious pilgrimage—The black-stone, etc. Pilgrimage—_in every detail_: dress, hair offerings, casting stones, sacrifice, running. Polygamy, slavery, easy divorce, and social laws generally. Ceremonial cleanliness, forbidden foods, _circumcision_. c. Zoroastrianism: Cosmogony—The different stories of the earth. Bridge over hell. Paradise—Its character—the _houris_=pairikas of Avesta. Doctrine of _Jinn_ and their various kinds. Exorcism of jinn (Surah 113, 114). d. Buddhism: The use of the rosary. (See Hughes’ Dict. of Islam.) II. From JUDAISM (The Old Testament but more especially the _Talmud_ as the source of Jewish ideas prevalent in Arabia just before Mohammed.) A. Ideas and Doctrines: (According to the divisions of Rabbi Geiger.) 1. Words that represent Jewish ideas (and are _not_ Arabic but Hebrew.) _Taboot_ (ark); _Torah_ (law); _Eden_; _Gehinnom_; _Rabbi_, _Abbar_=teacher; _Sakinat_=Shekinah; _Taghoot_ (used hundreds of times in Koran)=error; _Furkan_, etc., etc., etc. 2. Doctrinal views. _Unity of God._ Resurrection. Seven hells and seven heavens. Final judgment. Signs of last day. Gog and Magog. 3. Moral and Ceremonial laws. Prayer. Its time, posture, direction, etc. Laws regarding impurity of body. Washing with water or with sand. Laws regarding purification of women, etc. 4. Views of life Use of “inshallah”; age of discretion corresponds to Talmud.