Mohammed bin Abd-ul-Wahab was born at Ayinah in Nejd, in 1691. Carefully instructed by his father in the tenets of Islam according to the school of Hambali, the strictest of the four great sects.[64] Abd-ul-Wahab visited the schools of Mecca, Busrah and Bagdad, to increase his learning. At Medina, too, he absorbed the deepest learning of the Moslem divines and soaked himself in the “six correct books” of traditions. In his travels he had observed the laxity of faith and practice which had crept in, especially among the Turks and the Arabs of the large cities. He tried to distinguish between the essential elements of Islam and its later additions, some of which seemed to him to savor of gross idolatry and worldliness. What most offended the rigid monotheism of his philosophy was the almost universal visitation of shrines, invocation of saints and honor paid to the tomb of Mohammed. The use of the rosary, of jewels, silk, gold, silver, wine and tobacco, were all abominations to be eschewed. These were indications of the great need for reform. The earlier teaching of the companions of the prophet had been set aside or overlaid by later teaching. Even the four orthodox schools had departed from the pure faith by allowing pilgrimage to Medina, by multiplying festivals and philosophizing about the nature of Allah. Therefore it was that Abd-ul-Wahab preached reform not only, but proclaimed himself the leader of a new sect. His teaching was based on the Koran and the early traditions. This movement is chiefly distinguished from the orthodox system in the following particulars: 1. The Wahabis reject _Ijma_ or the agreement of later interpreters. 2. They offer no prayers to prophet, wali, or saint, nor visit their tombs for that purpose. 3. They say Mohammed is _not yet_ an intercessor; although at the last day he will be. 4. They forbid women to visit the graves of the dead. 5. They allow only four festivals, _Fitr_, _Azha_, _’Ashura_ and _Lailat El Mobarek_. 6. They do not celebrate Mohammed’s birth. 7. They use their knuckles for prayer-counting, and not rosaries. 8. They strictly forbid the use of silk, gold, silver ornaments, tobacco, music, opium, and every luxury of the Orient, except perfume and women. 9. They have anthropomorphic ideas of God by strictly literal interpretation of the Koran texts about “His hand,” “sitting,” etc. 10. They believe _jihad_ or religious war, is not out of date, but incumbent on the believer. 11. They condemn minarets, tombstones, and everything that was not in use during the first years of Islam.