” 1854—Sultan of Oman makes treaty with England and cedes Kuria Muria Islands. ” 1856—Thuwani bin Said ruler of Oman. ” 1857—Perim occupied by British. ” 1858-1877—Abdullah bin Mohammed Sherif of Mecca. ” 1858—Cable laid in Red Sea from Suez to Aden, but proved defective (cost £800,000). ” 1858—Bombardment of Jiddah by British. ” 1865-1886—Abdullah bin Feysul ruler of Nejd with capital at Riad. ” 1867—Mitaab bin Abdullah succeeds Tilal. ” 1867—Menamah (Bahrein) bombarded by British because of broken treaty. Isa bin Ali made ruler. ” 1866—Sultan bin Thuwani ruler of Oman. ” 1868—Mohammed bin Rashid assumes power and rule at Hail as Amir of Nejd. ” 1869—Cable laid from Bombay to Aden and Suez. ” 1870—Turkish invasion of Yemen. ” 1871—Turkish invasion of Hassa and occupation of Katif. ” 1871—Seyyid Turki ruler of Oman (Muscat). ” 1875—Busrah made a separate vilayet. ” 1877—Beginning of Turkish bureaucracy at Mecca. ” 1878—Treaty of Berlin. Reforms promised in Turkish Provinces. ” 1880—Hasein, Sherif of Mecca, is murdered. ” 1881-82—Abd el Mutalib again Sherif of Mecca. ” 1882—Aun er Rafik made Sherif of Mecca. ” 1886—Mohammed Ibn Rashid takes Riad overturning Saud government and becomes ruler of all Central Arabia. [NOTE.—To find the equivalent date A. H. of any year A. D.:—From the year A. D. deduct 621.54 and to the remainder add 3 per cent. A. H. 1 = July 16th, 622 A. D., and the Moslem year consists of 12 lunar months. To find the equivalent date A. D. of a year A. H. multiply it by .970225 and to the remainder add 621.54. The sum gives the date A. D. of the _end_ of the year A. H.] Appendix II TABLE OF THE ARAB TRIBES OF NORTHERN ARABIA {El Meshadaka. {El Meshatta. {_Walid Ali_ {El Hammamede. { {El Jedaleme. { {El Toluh. { {_El-Hessene_ {El Hessene (proper). { {Messalih. { I. The Anaeze: {_Er-Ruwalla_ {El Ruwalla (proper). { (or Jilas) {Um Halif. { { {Fedan. { {Tana Majid {Sebaa. { { {_El-Beshr_ { {Medeyan. { {Selga {Metarafe. { { {Aulad Sulei