[4] “Kitab Sinajet-el-Tarb” by Nofel Effendi (Beirut 1890). The author follows the older Arabic authorities. [5] Geography of Asia (Vol II., p. 460), 1896. [6] The first account of a European visiting Mecca is that of Ludovico Bartema, a gentleman of Rome, who visited the city in 1503; his narrative was published in 1555. The first Englishman was Joseph Pitts, the sailor from Exeter, in 1678; then followed the great Arabian traveller, John Lewis Burckhardt, 1814; Burton in 1853 visited both Mecca and Medina; H. Bicknell made the pilgrimage in 1862 and T.F. Keane in 1880. The narratives of each of these pilgrims have been published, and from them, and the travels of Ali Bey, and others, we know something of the Holy Land of Arabia. Ali Bey was in reality a Spaniard, called Juan Badia y Seblich, who visited Mecca and Medina in 1807 and left a long account of his travels in two volumes illustrated by many beautiful engravings. Burton’s account of his pilgrimage is best known, but Burckhardt’s is more accurate and scholarly. Of modern books, that of the Dutch scholar, Snouck Hurgronje, who resided in Mecca for a long time, is by far the best. His _Mekka_, in two volumes, is accompanied by an atlas of photographs and gives a complete history of the city as well as a full account of its inhabitants and of the Java pilgrimage. [7] Vol. II., p. 157. [8] _TABLE OF MECCA PILGRIMAGE, 1880._ (From Blunt’s “Future of Islam.”) ──────────────────────────┬──────────┬──────────┬───────────────── NATIONALITY OF PILGRIMS. │ Arriving │ Arriving │ Total Moslem │ by Sea. │ by Land. │ Pop. represented. ──────────────────────────┼──────────┼──────────┼───────────────── Ottoman Subjects │ │ │ (excluding Arabia) │ 8,500 │ 1,000 │ 22,000,000 Egyptians │ 5,000 │ 1,000 │ 5,000,000 From “Barbary States” │ 6,000 │ —— │ 18,000,000 Yemen Arabs │ 3,000 │ —— │ 2,500,000 Oman and Hadramaut │ 3,000 │ —— │ 3,000,000 Nejd, etc., Arabs │ —— │ 5,000 │ 4,000,000 Hejaz (including Mecca) │ —— │ 22,000 │ 2,000,000 Negroes from Sudan │ 2,000 │ —— │ 10,000,000 ” ” Zanzibar │ 1,000 │ —— │ 1,500,000 Malabari from Cape │ │ │ of G. Hope │ 150 │ —— │ ———— Persians │ 6,000 │ 2,500 │ 8,000,000 Indians (British Subjects)│ 15,000 │ —— │ 40,000,000 Malays and Javanese │ 12,000 │ —— │ 30,000,000 Chinese │ 100 │ —— │ 15,000,000 Mongols } │ —— │ —— │ 6,000,000 Russians, Tartars, etc.} │ —— │ —— │ 5,000,000 Afghans and Baluchis } │ —— │ —— │ 3,000,000 (included in Ottoman Haj)├──────────┼──────────┤ │ 61,750 │ 31,500 │ ══════════════════════════╤═════════════════════╤═════════════════ Total pilgrims present │ 93,250 │ 175,000,000 at Arafat │ │ ──────────────────────────┴─────────────────────┴─────────────────