By the same architect numerous buildings were erected, among others the beautiful, if somewhat cold, arcaded interior of the Alcazar of Toledo (Fig. 84), which may be taken as a fair specimen of the noble qualities to be found in his dignified and comparatively simple designs. About the middle of the sixteenth century Charles V. erected his palace at Granada; but here the architecture is strongly coloured by Italian or French examples, and much of the building resembles Perrault's work at the Louvre very closely. Herrera and his school were probably too severe in taste to suit the fancy of their countrymen, for Spanish architecture in the eighteenth century fell a victim to debased forms and a fantastic and exaggerated style of ornament. Churriguera was the architect who has the credit of having introduced this unfortunate third manner, and has lent it his name. For a time "Churriguerismo" found general acceptance, and the century closed under its influence. We must not pass over the excellent and varied Renaissance towers and steeples of Spain in silence. They are not unlike Wren's spires in general idea; they are to be met with in many parts of the country attached to the churches, and their variety and picturesqueness increase the claim of Spanish architecture to our respect. * * * * * The one Renaissance building in Portugal which has been much illustrated, and is spoken of in high terms, is the Convent at Mafra, a building of the eighteenth century, of great extent and picturesque effect. Great skill is shown in dealing with the unwieldy bulk of an overgrown establishment which does not yield even to the Escurial in point of extent. We are, however, up to the present time without the means of forming an opinion upon the nature and value of the architecture of Portugal as a whole. [Illustration: {ORNAMENTAL FOLIAGE PATTERN.}] [Illustration: {FROM A FRIEZE AT VENICE.}] INDEX. _See also CONTENTS at beginning._ Adam, John and Robert, 223. Alberti, _Architect_, 167. Amiens Cathedral, 76, 78. Andernach, Church at, 96. Anne, Queen, Style of, 225. Arnstein Abbey, 94. Baptista, _Architect_, 232. Batalha, Monastery at, 142, 153. Beauvais Cathedral, _Interior_, 86. Belgium and Netherlands, _Gothic_, 87. ---- _Renaissance_, 206. Bernini, _Architect_, 175, 181, 203. Blenheim, 221. Blois, Château of, 194. Blois, Capital from St. Nicholas, 84. Bourges, House of Jaques Coeur, 15. Bramante, _Architect_, 168, 174, 180. Brunelleschi, _Architect_, 120, 166. Buttresses, 32. Caen, Saint Pierre at, 37. Cambridge, King's College, 63. Campaniles in Italy, 128. Capitals, Gothic, 43. Certosa, near Pavia, _frontispiece_, 183. Chambers, _Architect_, 222. Chambord, Château of, 194. Chartres, Stained glass at, 65, 69. Chester, Old Houses at, 38, 224.