Collective and state farms are the principal types of farm organization (see table 9). Substantial areas of state agricultural land are also operated as subsidiary farms by various industrial and other economic organizations. Small private farms survive mainly in the mountainous regions where collectivization is impractical. In 1970 the state owned 30 percent of the farmland, about half of which was cultivated by state farms. Almost 61 percent of the land belonged to collective farms, including 6.6 percent in plots for the personal use of their members. The collective farm population consisted of almost 3.5 million families, including more than 10 million collective members. About 9 percent of the farmland was in the possession of private farmers. _Table 9. Agricultural Land in Romania, by Type of Ownership, 1969_ (in thousands of acres) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Arable Pasture Meadow Vineyard Orchard Total ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- State agricultural units 4,959 5,545 264 148 173 11,089 (State farms) (4,129) (688) (170) (133) (148) (5,218) Collective farms 18,075 1,315 1,712 682 692 22,476 (Private plots) (1,969) (20) (54) (262) (121) (2,426) Private farms 1,112 566 1,530 27 188 3,423 ------ ----- ----- --- ----- ------ Total 24,146 7,426 3,506 857 1,053 36,988 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Source: Adapted from _Anuaral Statistic al Republicii Socialiste Romania, 1970_ (Statistical Yearbook of the Socialist Republic of Romania, 1970), Bucharest, 1970, p. 253. In order to raise agricultural productivity and output, the state and collective farm sectors underwent frequent organizational changes, the latest of which went into effect in February 1971. There was not sufficient evidence in early 1972 on the extent to which they had been put into practice and even less information on their economic effects. Collective Farms At the beginning of 1971 there were 4,626 collective farms, officially called agricultural production cooperatives, comprising more than 22 million acres of farmland, about 18 million acres of which were arable. Their number had declined by 1,800 through consolidation during the preceding decade. The farms had an average of about 750 families and 1,000 able-bodied members each.