[586] =ciudades-esperanza=, _cities of hope_. A noun is seldom used in Spanish as an adjective to modify another noun, but when that occurs the modifying noun is placed after the noun modified, not before, as in English. [587] =que veían en ella un escenario sonoro de su actividad intelectual=, _who saw in her an attractive field for their intellectual activity_. [588] =lo=. Note the use of the neuter article to sum up a preceding idea. In this case the clauses beginning with =lo que= in lines 9 and 10 are recapitulated. [589] =Bagdad=, city on the banks of the Tigris, in Arabia. It was the capital of an important caliphate, from the thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries, and its name was synonymous with riches and wonders in the Moslem world. [590] =Toledo=, city in Spain, famous for its Gothic cathedral, which contains many historical and artistic treasures. The metal industries of Toledo were justly renowned in the Middle Ages. [591] =próximos a=, _ready to_. [592] =Salónica=, city and port in northern Greece, captured from the Turks during the recent Balkan War (1912). When the Jews were expelled from Spain during the reign of Philip II, they took refuge in Turkish lands, particularly in Salonica, which to this day is largely populated by them. Their language, a form of Spanish corrupted by years of separation from Spanish-speaking peoples, is called =ladino= and can be easily understood by one speaking Spanish. In New York there is published to-day a =ladino= newspaper in Hebrew characters. [593] =Potosí=, city in Bolivia famous for its silver mines. [594] =Midas=, king of Phrygia about whom mythology has woven various legends. Besides the one referred to here, he is said to have irritated Apollo, who inflicted the ears of a donkey upon him. [595] =Vellocino=, _the Golden Fleece_. Jason and the Argonauts, Greek mythological characters, went to Colchis and brought back the Golden Fleece, after slaying the dragon which kept guard over the fabled treasure. [596] =tierras de pan llevar=, _grain-producing lands_. [597] =El Dorado=. The early _conquistadores_ imagined there existed a country marvelously rich somewhere in America, which they called _=El Dorado=_, i.e., _The Golden_. [598] =la famosa ciudad del Alto Perú=, _i.e._, =Potosí=. [599] =Quimera=, _Chimera_, monster in Greek mythology slain by Bellerophon, the Corinthian hero. The meaning of _illusion_ has come as a result of the fantastical shape ascribed to the monster. [600] =la mísera máscara=, _i.e._, the exhausted mines of Peru and California. [601] =que apenas si bastan=, _which barely suffice_. [602] =Murat= (Joaquín). He was the son of a humble inn-keeper, and rose to be one of Napoleon's most trusted marshals, and was king of Naples from 1808 to 1814. [603] =Bernadotte= (Carlos), another marshal of Napoleon, risen from the ranks. In 1818 he became king of Sweden. [604] =los más=, _the majority_. [605] =Río Negro=, river in the Argentine pampas. V. map.