[4] I am here using the terms "objective" and "subjective" in their modern acceptation, which almost exactly inverts the ancient usage. See Martineau, _Study of Religion_, vol. i, p. 385, n. 2. [5] Like "Peter Piper," etc., and the German "Messwechsel Wachsmaske." [6] It must be borne in mind that the Greek τέχνη, art, corresponds almost exactly to what we mean by "science." It is defined by Aristotle, _Metaph._, A. 1; 981 a 5 sqq. Schwegler, in his translation of the _Metaphysics_, renders it by _Wissenschaft_. Ἐπιστήμη is our "philosophy." [7] See Jebb, _Homer_, pp. 110 sqq. [8] It is a pity that we cannot fix the date of the so-called _Picture_ of Cebes (Κέβητος Πίναξ). In this we find enumerated the votaries of False Learning, (1) Poets, (2) Rhetoricians, (3) Dialecticians, (4) Musicians, (5) Arithmeticians, (6) Geometricians, (7) Astrologers (if we count Poets = Grammarians, we have exactly the Seven Liberal Arts), (8) Hedonists, (9) Peripatetics, (10) Critics, "and such others as are like to these." The "Hedonists" (ἡδονικοί) are the Cyrenaics; the "Critics" (κριτικοί) can hardly be the grammarians, though that is usually the meaning of the term in later times. Should we not read κυνικοί? [9] "Liberal" means fit, "illiberal" unfit, for freemen. The sum of the liberal arts was called Ἐγκυκλιοπαιδεία, which we have corrupted into _Encyclopædia_. [10] Bonn, 1845. [11] See Boissier, _Étude sur la Vie et les Ouvrages de M.T. Varron_, pp. 332, sqq. [12] See Bekker's _Anecdota Græca_, ii., 655. [13] I am indebted for a number of these facts to an article by Professor A.F. West, in the _Princeton College Bulletin_, November, 1890. [14] These terms, which we still find in Isidore and Hrabanus Maurus, are afterwards, in the thirteenth century, replaced by their Latin equivalents: Natural, Rational, and Moral. In the case of the second, this caused considerable confusion, inasmuch as when it ceased to be used as "rational," it took the place of "dialectic." [15] In the XXVIIIth Canto of the Paradise, these angelic powers are arranged somewhat differently, in deference to Dionysius Areopagita and St. Bernard. INDEX A Academics, 112, 210. Academy, 86, 112. Achilles, 6. Æolian Education, 38 _sqq._ Æolians, 35. Æschylus, 104 _sqq._ Æsop's _Fables_, 146, 223. Ἀΐτας, 47. Alexander the Great, 40, 156 _sq._, 178. Alexandria, 211. Ammonius Saccas, 225, 227. Amphidromia, 65. Amyntas, 156. Anaxagoras, 24, 99 _sq._ Antisthenes, 112. Apoxyomenos, the, 82 _n._ Archytas, 55, 193. Aristocracy in Athens, 98. Aristophanes, 105. Aristotle, Life, 29, 153 _sqq._ " Death, 159. " Philosophy, 161. " Theology, 165. " Theory of the State, 166 _sqq._ " Pedagogical State, 172 _sqq._ " Scheme of Secondary Education, 199. Arithmetic, how Taught, 77. Artemis Orthia, 50. Arts, Origin of, in Greece, 20. Athenian Education, 60. Athenian Ideal of the State, 63. Athletes, 78, 184.