In addition to the decorations of the orders there are a number of war medals in bronze awarded to officers and men for participation in the campaigns of the war with China and the war with Russia. _War Medals of Germany._—Germany has many orders and medals but the one best known as a war medal is the Iron Cross, founded in 1813, to be given to both soldiers and civilians for services to the country. It was revived in 1870, during the Franco-Prussian War. The decoration consists of a black iron cross pattée with a silver edge. At the center is the letter “W”, on the upper arm a crown and on the lower arm the date 1870 for the crosses awarded in that year and 1914 for those awarded in the present war. There are three classes in the order, the size of the cross varying with the class. The ribbon is black with white stripes near each edge for medals awarded to soldiers or sailors and the reverse for those awarded to civilians. The Iron Cross has been lavishly bestowed upon soldiers and sailors in the present war. [Illustration: _Copyright, Bailey, Banks & Biddle Co., Phila., Pa._ FOREIGN DECORATIONS AND MEDALS 1. Military Order of Savoy, Italy 2. Order of Leopold, Belgium 3. Order of St. James of the Sword, Portugal 4. Order of the White Eagle, Serbia] [Illustration: _Copyright, Bailey, Banks & Biddle Co., Phila., Pa._ FOREIGN DECORATIONS AND MEDALS 1. Order of Francis Joseph, Austria 2. Iron Cross, Germany 3. Order of Medjidie, Turkey 4. Order of St. Alexander, Bulgaria] _Austrian War Medals._—Austria has many orders and decorations, the Order of Francis Joseph being frequently conferred upon high officers for conspicuous service in war. In addition there are distinguished service medals of gold, silver and bronze, according to the importance of the service rewarded, gold and silver medals for bravery in action, and, for services in war alone, the War Decoration for officers and the War Medal for enlisted men. _Turkish War Medals._—Turkey has awarded many decorations and medals upon her own soldiers and sailors as well as upon those of her allies in different wars and upon citizens of other nations in peace time. The best known of her orders are the Order of the Medjidie and the Order of Osmanieh. _The Order of the Medjidie._—The decoration of this order consists of a seven-pointed star of cut silver, each point being composed of five rays. Between the points there are seven small crescents and stars and at the center on a gold background is the Sultan’s cypher surrounded by a circle of red enamel bearing an inscription in Turkish. [Illustration: SEAL OF THE AMERICAN RED CROSS] CHAPTER XII UNIFORMS AND INSIGNIA OF THE AMERICAN RED CROSS