A flying machine has, of course, to be steered in two directions at the same time--the vertical and the horizontal. In the Farman and De la Grange machines, the horizontal steering is effected by a small windlass provided with a hand wheel, the same as on a steam launch, and the vertical steering is effected by a longitudinal motion of the shaft of the same windlass. As the length of the machine is not very great, it requires very close attention on the part of the man at the helm to keep it on an even keel; if one is not able to think and act quickly, disaster is certain. On one occasion, the man at the wheel pushed the shaft of the windlass forward when he should have pulled it back, and the result was a plunge and serious damage to the machine; happily no one was injured, though some of the bystanders were said to have had very narrow escapes. The remedy for this is to make all hand-steered machines of great length, which gives more time to think and act; or, still better, to make them automatic by the use of a gyroscope. [Illustration: Fig. 71.--Bleriot’s machine. This machine raised itself from the ground, but as the centre of gravity was very little, if any, above the centre of lifting effect, it turned completely over in the air.] [Illustration: Fig. 72.--Santos Dumont’s flying machine.] VELOCITY AND PRESSURE OF THE WIND. The pressure varies as the square of the velocity or P ∝ V². The old formula for wind blowing against a normal plane was P = 0·005 × V². The latest or Eiffel Tower formula gives a much smaller value, being P = 0·003 × V², where V represents the velocity in miles per hour, and P the pressure in pounds per square foot.