possible hurried migration from exposed to sheltered portions of the
planetary world to escape the rapidly increasing heat and intensity
of light from the approaching sun. In such systems the coming and
going of the seasons might indeed be a matter of life and death to
the inhabitants of satellite worlds!
Within our solar system the masses of the planets are practically
negligible compared to the mass of the sun, and it is for this reason
that they appear to revolve about the _center_ of the sun. As a
matter of fact, no body in the universe revolves about the _exact
geometrical center_ of another body, but two mutually attracting
bodies revolve in orbits about their common center of gravity, which
always lies between the two bodies on the line connecting them and
at a distance from each of them that is in inverse proportion to the
mass of the body. The moon does not revolve about the _center of the
earth_, but about the _center of gravity_ of the earth and moon,
which lies on the line connecting the two bodies and at a distance
from the earth's center that is one eighty-first of the distance
from the center of the earth to the center of the moon, since this
represents the ratio of the masses of the two bodies. This center
of gravity of the earth and moon, lies, then, about two thousand
miles from the earth's center, and about this point both earth and
moon trace out orbits of revolution that are identical in form and
differ only in size. In the same way each of the planets of the
solar system revolves about the center of gravity of itself and the
sun, but the mass of the sun is so far in excess of the combined
masses of all the planets that we may consider, for all practical
purposes, that the planets revolve about the sun's center, the center
of gravity of the system being within the sun, just as the center of
gravity of the earth and moon is within the earth.
Prof. T. J. J. See found from the investigation of forty binary star
orbits that the average eccentricity of double star orbits is twelve
times as great as the average eccentricity of a planetary orbit, and
that the masses of the component suns never differ very greatly. The
center of gravity of a binary system, therefore, lies at a great
distance from the centers of the stars, and about this point, as a
focus, the stars move in orbits that are exactly similar in form but
differ in size in inverse proportion to the ratio of the masses.
Since the orbits of binaries are, moreover, very highly eccentric,
the two suns are, as we have said, anywhere from two to nineteen
times nearer to each other at periastron than they are at "apastron."
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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