Let one of the points of observation be in the northern hemisphere and the other in the southern, thousands of miles apart. The two observers might then be compared to the eyes of an enormous head, each of which sees the moon in a measurably different direction. If the northern observer carefully ascertains the angular distance of the moon from his zenith, and the southern observer does the same with regard to _his_ zenith, as indicated in Fig. 12, they can, by a combination of their measurements, construct a quadrilateral A C B M, of which all the angles may be ascertained from the two measurements, while the length of the sides A C and B C is already known, since they are each equal to the radius of the earth. With these data it is easy, by the rules of plane trigonometry, to calculate the length of the other sides, and also the length of the straight line from the centre of the earth to the moon. In all such cases the distance between the points of observation is called the base-line, whose length is known to start with, while the angles formed by the lines of direction at the opposite ends of the base-line are ascertained by measurement. [Illustration: _Fig. 12. Parallax of the Moon._ Let C be the centre of the earth, A and B the stations of two observers, one in the northern, the other in the southern hemisphere, and M the moon. The lines C A Z and C B Z′ indicate the direction of the zenith at A and B respectively. Subtracting the measured angles at A and B each from 180° gives the inside angles at those points. The angle at C is equal to the sum of the latitudes of A and B since they are on opposite sides of the equator. With three angles known, the fourth, at M, is found by simply subtracting their sum from 360°. ] [Illustration: =The Great Andromeda Nebula= Photographed at the Yerkes Observatory by G. W. Ritchey, with the two-foot reflector. Observe the vast spiral, or elliptic, rings surrounding the central condensation and the appearance of breaking up and re-shaping into smaller masses which some of the rings present. ]