It is to be observed that if all the stars were equally distant this method would fail, because then there would be no “background” against which the shift of place could be observed; all of the stars would shift together. But, in fact, the vast majority of the stars are so remote that even a base-line of 186,000,000 miles is insufficient to produce a measurable shift in their direction. It is only the distances of the nearer stars which we can measure, and for them the multitude of more remote ones serves, like the wall of the house in the experiment with the window-bar, as a background on which the shift of place can be noted. Just as in calculations of the sun's parallax the semi-diameter of the earth is chosen for a base-line, so in the case of the stars the semi-diameter of the earth's orbit, amounting to 93,000,000 miles, forms the basis. Measured in this way the parallaxes of the nearest stars come out in tenths, or hundredths, of a second of arc, or angular measurement. Thus the parallax of Alpha Centauri, the nearest known star, is about 0″.75, corresponding to a distance of about 26,000,000,000,000 miles. Now 0″.75 is a quantity inappreciable to the naked eye, and only to be measured with delicate instruments, and yet this almost invisible shift of direction is all that is produced by viewing the nearest star in the sky from the opposite ends of a base-line 93,000,000 miles long! =3. Spectroscopic Analysis.= We have next to deal with the constitution of the sun, or the nature of the substances of which it consists, and for this purpose we must first understand the operation of the spectroscope, in many respects the most wonderful instrument that man has invented. It has given birth to the “chemistry of the sun” and the “chemistry of the stars,” for by its aid we can be as certain of the nature of many of the substances of which they are made as we could be by actually visiting them. [Illustration: _Fig. 14. Spectrum Analysis._