When this condition is fulfilled, he may give to his camouflet a charge of from 3/10 to 4/10 the charge for a common mine placed at the same depth, since the charge will produce its principal effect upon the enemy’s gallery, and but little upon the surface. Special care must be exercised by the defence to avoid premature explosions, since a mine fired at too great range damages only his own branch, and may make a crater; thus working directly to the advantage of the attack, who may prepare an overcharged mine or sink a shaft à la Boule in the crater thus made. As successive explosions of necessity damage the branch in use, to avoid falling back, another one should be prepared as a reserve before the first is disabled, and at a little distance from it. After the attack has fired his overcharged mine, the defence, by a strong fire of canister, musketry, etc., should prevent him from occupying the craters, and if he takes possession, should drive him out by a continuous mortar fire, keeping him from completing his communications by fire from guns. The defence should push forward branches and establish himself under the slope of the craters, in front and on both flanks, and by exploding camouflets prevent the attack from driving galleries or sinking shafts à la Boule. When the nature of the soil admits, many of the camouflets will be placed by boring. Should the defensive measures above and below ground not debar the enemy from establishing himself in the crater, the defence may establish overcharged mines immediately in its front, with a view to destroying the advancing galleries of the attack, blowing up the men and their lodgment in the crater, and opening up the latter to the fire of the work. Shafts à la Boule being very dangerous for the countermines, the defence should do his best to prevent their use, by artillery and musketry fire above ground, and by camouflets placed by boring under ground. In addition, he must take advantage of every favorable opportunity to delay the progress of the attack by sorties from the works. =90. Remark.=--In underground warfare the besieger has a decided advantage, but the besieged, by a cool consideration in handling his mines, and by persistently holding back the attack, foot by foot, may very greatly retard it, or even cause such losses and delays as to lead to its being abandoned. BREACHING BY MINES. =91.= The attack having reached the scarp of the work, mines are prepared for breaching the counter-scarp and scarp. Experience shows that the charges are best located in rear of the counterforts when they exist, or at equal intervals along plain walls. The charge should not be placed immediately in contact with the masonry, but in the earth behind it, and at a depth below the top of the wall equal at least to 1½ the L. L. R., measured to the face of the wall.