The _Miner’s Shovel_. Similar in shape to a common shovel, but not exceeding 2 feet in length. The _Push Pick_ (Pl. XI, Fig 5), which has a lance-shaped blade about 3½ in. wide and 6 in. long attached to a handle about 2 feet long. The _Field Level_ (Pl. XI, Fig 6), which consists of three strips of wood about 2" × ½", arranged as shown. The strip _A_ is 4' between centres of pins; _B_ and _C_ are 2', 9-15/16"; the angle at a = 90°. A spirit-level is inserted in piece _C_, and a plumb-line attached as shown. The markings on _A_ are used for gentle slopes, those on _B_ for steep ones. The other sides of _B_ and _C_ are divided into degrees of arc, the centre being at the middle point of the outside edge of _A_. The _Slope Block_, which is a wooden cube used in connection with a mason’s level for fixing slopes. _Angle Templets_ (Pl. XI, Fig. 7), making a definite angle, used in laying out galleries. The _Miner’s Truck or Car_. A small, four-wheeled wagon with fixed axles and very short wheel-base; exterior dimensions about 20" wide, 18" to 20" high, and 30" long. Used for carrying earth through galleries, and usually hoisted up the shaft and dumped outside, replacing the buckets used in sinking the shaft. The _Miner’s Bellows_ (Pl. XI, Fig. 8). A leather bag with wooden top and bottom, provided with inlet and outlet valves, from the latter of which the air is led off in pipes or hose. In using the bellows the miner stands upon the lower handles and works the bellows with his hands by the upper ones. This is frequently replaced by a common blacksmith’s bellows or the rotary blower from a portable forge; and sometimes by an improvised air-pump, consisting of a large open cask filled with water and another smaller one, with one head removed and the other provided with outlet and inlet valves and an air-tube, inverted over the large cask, supported by a spring-pole and worked up and down by hand in the water of the lower cask. The _Miner’s Candlestick_ (Pl. XI, Fig. 9), which holds a candle, and may be driven into the side or bottom of a gallery. _Miner’s Lamps_ (Pl. XI, Fig. 10), can be used only when the ventilation is good, as they give off more smoke than candles. When an electric-light plant is available, incandescent lamps will be used for mining. _Earth Augers_, similar to those used for boring post-holes, but of different diameters, are sometimes used for placing camouflets. Their shanks are made in short lengths, which can be joined together to allow of boring a deep hole from a narrow shaft or gallery. GALLERIES AND SHAFTS. =19. The Dimensions of Galleries and Shafts= are determined by the use to be made of them, the necessity of ventilation, and the minimum space in which a man can work. They are usually about as follows, viz.: Height, Width, feet. feet.