on the obverse, and on the reverse a figure of victory standing on the mystic cista, with the legend _Asia recepta_. But it is with his second Eastern progress (B.C. 22-19) that the useful public works, such as roads and buildings, of which traces are still found, probably began. [Sidenote: Movements in the East between B.C. 24 and B.C. 22.] Between these two visits there had been only two movements of serious importance—the useless and almost disastrous expedition of Ælius Gallus into Arabia (B.C. 24-3), and the invasion of Southern Egypt at Elephantine by Candace, queen of Æthiopia, encouraged by the diminution of the Roman forces in Egypt during the Arabian expedition. The Æthiopians gained some minor successes over three Roman cohorts stationed near the frontier, but were eventually repulsed by the præfect Gaius Petronius, who pursued them to their capital town Nabata, which he took and plundered.[258] [Sidenote: Second Eastern progress, B.C. 22-19.] The second eastward progress of Augustus began with some months’ residence in Sicily. There he was busied in founding colonies, of which seven are named. The chief town of Sicily was still Syracuse, but it seems to have suffered in the time of Sextus Pompeius, and Augustus placed in it two thousand settlers, probably veterans. It was the object of such colonies to provide for veterans and poor Italians, but also to Romanise countries more completely, and to introduce an industrial class. Sicily needed above all things free cultivators. Its corn trade had suffered from the competition of Africa, Sardinia, and Egypt, and its pastoral farms were largely owned by Roman capitalists, who did not reside, but employed slave-labour directed by bailiffs or _villici_.[259] One object at least, therefore, of these measures of Augustus was to bring into the country a class of small landowners residing on their property. Land was found for them by purchase, where there was no _ager publicus_ available. [Sidenote: Augustus in Greece B.C. 21.]