In the Wanganui System (Pliocene) the Putiki Beds have yielded bones of a small Moa (_Dinornis_), probably the oldest example of the group of great flightless birds which later predominated in New Zealand. [Illustration: =Fig. 135--Impression of Bird's Feather in Ironstone.= Wannon River, Victoria. (Enlarged).] =Pleistocene Struthious Birds, Australia.--= Bones of a struthious or Ostrich-like bird, described by Owen under the name of _Dromornis australis_, a bird as large as the Moa, have been recorded from the Pleistocene of Peak Downs and the Paroo River, Queensland. Indeterminate species of the same genera occur in Phillip Co., New South Wales, and the Mount Gambier Caves, South Australia; whilst _Dromaeus patricius_ is known from King's Creek, Darling Downs, Queensland. _Genyornis newtoni_ is an extinct bird allied to the Emeus; it has been found in Pleistocene deposits at Lake Callabonna, South Australia, and other fragmentary remains have been identified by Dr. Stirling and Mr. Zietz from Mount Gambier and Queensland. Regarding the build and habits of _Genyornis_, those authors remark that "Its legs combine a huge femur nearly as massive, in all but length, as that of _Dinornis maximus_, and a tibia equalling that of _Pachyornis elephantopus_ with the relatively slender metatarse of _Dinornis novae-zealandiae_ (_ingens_) and toes which are insignificant beside those of any of the larger moas."... "In height it may be confidently stated to have been from 6 feet to 6 feet 6 inches, that is if the neck should have been of proportions similar to those of _Pachyornis elephantopus_." Those authors also attribute a slow, sluggish habit to the bird, and suggest that herbage rather than roots formed its food. It is very probable that the footprints of birds found in the older dune rock of Warrnambool, Victoria, associated with the doubtful "human footprints" may have been made by _Genyornis_ or a related form. An extinct Emu, _Dromaeus minor_, has lately been described from the sub-recent deposits in King Island, Bass Strait. =Pleistocene Carinate Birds, Australia.--= Many genera of carinate birds belonging to living Australian types have been identified by De Vis from the fluviatile deposits on the Darling Downs, Queensland. These include Falcons (_Taphaetus_ and _Necrastur)_; a Pelican (_Pelicanus_); an Ibis (_Palaeopelargus_); a Spoonbill (_Platalea_); Ducks (_Anas_, _Dendrocygna_, _Biziura_ and _Nyroca_); a Darter (_Plotus_); a Pigeon (_Lithophaps_); a Ground-pigeon (_Progura_); a Mound-builder (_Chosornis_); a Rail (_Porphyrio_); Moor-hens (_Gallinula_, _Tribonyx_ and _Fulica_); and a Stork (_Xenorhynchus_). =Pleistocene and Holocene Birds, New Zealand.--=