Ear-bones of whales, 296 Early observers, 24 _Eburnopsis_, 199, 200 _Echidna_, 286, 287 _Echinocyamus_, 146 ECHINODERMATA, characters of, 37, 59 " divisions of, 133 ECHINOIDEA, 143 _Echinolampas_, 147, 148 _Echinoneus_, 147 _Echinus_, 145 _Ecionema_, 112 _Edaphodon_, 271 _Edestus_, 262 _Edmondia_, 177, 180, 182 _Eglisia_, 202 Elephant-fish, 269, 271 Elephant-tusk shells, 188 Elevated sea-beds, 27 _Elonichthys_, 261, 263 _Elpisopholis_, 263 _Emarginula_, 198 Emu, 283 _Encrinurus_, 229 _Endoceras_, 205 _Endothyra_, 96, 98 _Entalophora_, 158 _Entomis_, 238 _Ephemera_, 250 _Equisetites_, 40 Errant worms, 153 _Erycina_, 187 _Erymnoceras_, 209 _Estheria_, 233 _Eucalyptus_, 90, 91, 281 _Eulima_, 198 _Eunema_, 193 _Eunicites_, 153 _Euomphalus_, 194, 195, 196 _Eupatagus_, 147 _Euphemus_, 196 _Eurydesma_, 181 EURYPTERIDA, 248 _Euthria_, 198 _Eutrochus_, 200 Evolution of life-forms, 33 _Fagus (Notofagus)_, 91 Falcon, 283 _Fasciolaria_, 198, 199 _Favosites_, 73, 114, 115, 116 Feather-star, 138 _Fenestella_, 156, 157 _Fibularia_, 146 Fishes, fossil, 53 " primitive types, 258 " true, 258 Fish-lizards, 275, 276, 277, 278 _Fissilunula_, 183, 184 _Fissurellidea_, 198 _Fistulipora_, 155, 156 _Flabellina_, 98 _Flabellum_, 118, 119 Flightless pigeon goose, 283 Flints, 71 Flying phalanger, 295 Foraminifera, characters of, 36, 95 " fossil, 65 Foraminiferal limestone, 73 Fossil faunas, differences in, 43 Fossiliferous strata, Australia, 45-48 " strata, New Zealand 49 Fossil, origin of name, 23 Fossils an index to age of strata, 26, 32 " nature of, 21 " petrifaction of, 23 " preservation of, 23 " structure preserved in, 24 Fossil wood, 24, 66, 68 _Frondicularia_, 97, 98 Fruits of the deep leads, 91 _Fulica_, 283 _Fusus_, 198, 201