E--Phialocrinus konincki, Eth. fil. Carbopermian (Up. Mar. Ser.) Nowra, New South Wales. F--Isocrinus australis, Moore sp. L. Cretaceous. Wollumbilla, Q'ld. ] =Ordovician Crinoids.--= No undoubted Crinoid remains have been found in the Australian Ordovician; although many genera are found elsewhere in that system, chiefly in N. America, as _Reteocrinus_, _Hybocrinus_, _Heterocrinus_ and _Dendrocrinus_, and in Europe and North America, as _Rhodocrinus_ and _Taxocrinus_. =Silurian Crinoids.--= The Silurian Crinoidea of Australia are largely represented by the remains of the columns or stalks, which are often found in such abundance as to constitute large masses of sub-crystalline limestone, as that of Toongabbie, Victoria. The columns of the Crinoids do not usually possess sufficient characters to enable the forms to be identified. There are, however, more perfect and identifiable remains of several very interesting generic types in the Silurian faunas as follows:-- In New South Wales _Pisocrinus_ is represented with some reservation by (?) _P. yassensis_, found at Limestone Creek, near Yass (Fig. 76 A, B). In Victoria, _Helicocrinus plumosus_ and _Botryocrinus longibrachiatus_ occur at Brunswick and Flemington, respectively (Fig. 76). The former is a delicate and handsome species, having a small cup with finely pinnate arms, which are forked once, and with a pentagonal stem coiled at the distal end (see Frontispiece). The genus _Botryocrinus_ is found in rocks of a similar age in North America and England. _Hapalocrinus victoriae_, a member of the Platycrinidae, has been described from the mudstone of South Yarra, near Melbourne. The species above mentioned are of Melbournian age, belonging to the lower stage of the Silurian system. =Devonian Crinoids.--= In the Middle Devonian of Queensland, fragmentary crinoid stems are found interbedded with the limestone of the Broken River. Thin slices of the limestone of the same age from Buchan, Victoria, show numerous ossicles and stem-joints of Crinoids. Similar remains have also been recorded from the Devonian of the Kimberley district and the Gascoyne River in Western Australia. =Carboniferous Crinoids.--= The Carboniferous (Star Beds) of Queensland has yielded remains of _Actinocrinus_. The Matai Series of New Zealand, which may be regarded as almost certainly of Carboniferous age, contains remains of a _Cyathocrinus_, found in the limestone of the Wairoa Gorge. =Carbopermian Crinoids.--= The Carbopermian (Upper Marine Series) of New South Wales yields the interesting Crinoid having a large, globular cup, known as _Phialocrinus_; the best known species of this genus are _P. konincki_ (Fig. 76 E) and _P. princeps_. Beds of the same age in New South Wales, also in the Upper Marine Series, contain the aberrant Crinoid with strongly sculptured plates of the calyx in the decorticated condition, _Tribrachiocrinus clarkei_.