The marine gasteropods of the Werrikooian of southern Australia, as found at Limestone Creek, Glenelg River, Western Victoria, and the Moorabool Viaduct near Geelong, are nearly all living at the present time, with the exception of a few older Cainozoic species. Amongst these latter are _Conus ralphi_, _Pleurotoma murndaliana_, _Volutilithes antiscalaris_ and _Columbarium craspedotum_. =Pleistocene Gasteropoda.--= The Pleistocene land mollusca, and especially the gasteropods of Australia, present some striking points of interest, for whilst most of the species are still living, some appear to be extinct. The travertine deposits of Geilston, near Hobart, Tasmania contain _Helix geilstonensis_ and _H. stanleyana_, the latter still living. The calcareous _Helix_ sandstone of the islands in Bass Strait are largely composed of shells of that genus and generally represent consolidated sand-dunes which have undergone a certain amount of elevation. One of the prevalent species is _Helix simsoniana_ (Fig. 104 F), a handsome keeled form, somewhat related to the living _H. launcestonensis_. It is found in some abundance in the Kent's Group and in the adjacent islands. The large ovoid land-shells, _Panda atomata_, although still existing, are found associated with extinct marsupials, as _Thylacoleo_, in the stalagmitic floor of the Buchan Caves, Gippsland. The _Diprotodon_-breccias of Queensland have afforded several species of _Helix_ and other land-shells, as well as the brackish-water genus _Melania_. The Raised Beaches of Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania all contain species of land and freshwater shells identical with those now found living in the same localities. The Raised Beaches of New Zealand contain numerous marine shells all having living representatives. Some of these elevated beaches occur as high as 150 feet above sea-level at Taranaki, and at 200 feet near Cape Palliser in Cook Strait. Many species of Pleistocene Mollusca identical with those now living in Torres Strait, the China Sea and the Philippine Islands are found in Papua. They occur in the greenish sandy clay of the hills near the present coast line and comprise the following genera of Gasteropods:--_Ranella_, _Nassa_, _Mitra_, _Oliva_, _Terebra_, _Conus_, _Strombus_, _Bulla_ and _Atys_. =Characters of Cephalopoda.--=