The town of Cracow was exempted from the 1772 arrangement when Poland was partitioned, and made a free town, but it was found to be a focus of disturbance for all the dispossessed Poles who retained ideals of liberty, and it had to be firmly stamped upon more than once. Russia at first undertook the stamping, but as the town was in the Austrian dominions this duty eventually fell to Austria, and she did it effectually by annexing the rebellious town in 1846. This was not, however, until she had had some trouble, having sent troops to quell disturbances there, and having had the humiliation of seeing them beaten off by the nobles of the Polish aristocracy. So cordially did the serfs hate their masters that they even sided with the Austrians against their own high-born countrymen, and it was by their help that Austria maintained her position. In consequence of this the Emperor abolished compulsory cartage and forced labour during harvest to reward the peasants. The Galician peasants have by no means an easy time. In very many cases they are paid by a proportion of the harvests reaped and not in money. The place occupied in most countries by a stable middle class is here filled up by large numbers of Jews, who have bought the estates as they came on the market, and now grind down the remuneration of the workers to the lowest figure. Were it not that the peasants very often migrate into Germany for the summer months and there earn enough to keep body and soul together for the winter, their position would be worse than it is. Horse-breeding is a large industry here, as in many other parts of the composite kingdom; petroleum is found in great quantities, and there are salt and coal mines which give occupation to many. By the settlement of 1867 Galicia was given Home Rule, though deputies are still sent to the Austrian Parliament. Cracow and Lembert are the two principal towns. Cracow is a seat of a famous university, and a statue of its greatest pupil, Copernicus, stands in the courtyard. Copernicus received his education here, though he was a native of Prussia. Lemberg also has a university. The Ruthenians, who form so large a proportion of the Galicians, are a Slav race; they mostly belong to the Greek church and so suffer doubly under the domination of the Jews. INDEX Adelsburg, grottoes of, 149 Aggstein, 90 Agram, 188 Alföld, the, 51, 52 Andrassy, Count, 117 Armenians, 200 Arpad, House of, 9, 62 Aspern, 19 Attersee, 149 Austerlitz, 19 Austria, Emperor of, 18, 22 Austrians, the, 93, 94 Avisio, River, 175 Baden, 101 Badgastein, 150 Balaton, Lake, 55 Balaton-Füred, 56 Ban of Croatia, 186 Barlangliget, 45 Beauharnais, Eugène, 164 Beethoven, Ludwig van, 108 Belgrade, 127 Bohemia, 131 _et seq._ Bora, the, 189 Borszék, 203 Bosnia-Herzegovina, 190 Bosnians, 192 Botzen, 167, 170 Brenner Pass, 159, 167, 168 Brixen, 170 Budapest, 115