"The name of the whole is People, that of a part is Oligarchy;
the rich are the best guardians of wealth, the educated class can
make the wisest decisions, the majority are the best judges of
speeches. All these classes in a democracy have equal power both
individually and collectively. But oligarchy shares the dangers
with the many, while it does not merely usurp the material benefits,
rather it appropriates and keeps them all."
The Athenians received a cold welcome wherever they went. At Catana they
found their state vessel waiting to convey Alcibiades home to stand his
trial; he effected his escape on the homeward voyage, crossing to the
Peloponnese. The great armament instead of thrusting at Syracuse
wasted its time and efficiency on side-issues, mainly owing to the cold
leadership of Nicias. This valuable respite was used to the full by
Hermocrates, who at a congress held at Camarina was insistent on the
racial character of the struggle between themselves who were Dorians and
the Ionians from Athens. This national antipathy contributed greatly to
the final decision of the conflict.
Passing to Sparta, Alcibiades deliberately betrayed his country. His
speech is of the utmost importance.
His view of democracy is contemptuous. "Nothing new can be said of what
is an admitted folly." He then outlined the Athenian ambition; it was
to subdue Carthage and Sicily, bring over hosts of warlike barbarians,
surround and reduce the Peloponnese and then rule the whole
Greek-speaking world. He advised his hearers to aid Sicilian incapacity
by sending a Spartan commander; above all, he counselled the occupation
of Deceleia, a town in Attica just short of the border, through which
the corn supply was conveyed to the capital; this would lead to the
capture of the silver-mines at Laureium and to the decrease of the
Athenian revenues. He concluded with an attempt to justify his own
treachery, remarking that when a man was exiled, he must use all means
to secure a return.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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