A different lesson is found in the _Euthyphro_. After wishing Socrates
success in his coming trial, Euthyphro informs him that he is going to
prosecute his father for manslaughter, assuring him that it would be
piety to do so. Socrates asks for a definition of piety. Euthyphro
attempts five--"to act as Zeus did to his father"; "what the gods love";
"what all the gods love"; "a part of righteousness, relating to the care
of the gods"; "the saying and doing of what the gods approve in prayer
and sacrifice". Each of these proves inadequate; Euthyphro complains of
the disconcerting Socratic method as follows:
"Well, I do not know how to express my thoughts. Every one of
our suggestions always seem to have legs, refusing to stand still
where we may fix it down. Nor have I put into them this spirit of
moving and shifting, but you, a second Daedalus."
It is noticeable that no definite result comes from this dialogue;
Plato was within his rights in refusing to answer the main question.
Philosophy does not pretend to settle every inquiry; her business is
to see that a question is raised. Even when an answer is available,
she cannot always give it, for she demands an utter abandonment of all
prepossessions in those to whom she talks--otherwise there will be no
free passage for her teaching. Though refuted, Euthyphro still retained
his first opinions, for his first and last definitions are similar in
idea. To such a person argument is mere waste of time.
An admirable illustration of Plato's lightness of touch is found in the
_Laches_. The dialogue begins with a discussion about the education of
the young sons of Lysimachus and Melesias. Soon the question is raised
"What is courage?" Nicias warns Laches about Socrates; the latter has
a trick of making men review their lives; his practice is good, for it
teaches men their faults in time; old age does not always bring wisdom
automatically. Laches first defines courage as the faculty which makes
men keep the ranks in war; when this proves inadequate, he defines it as
a stoutness of spirit. Nicias is called in; he defines it as "knowledge
of terrors and confidence in war"; he is soon compelled to add "and
knowledge of all good and evil in every form"--in a word, courage is all
virtue combined. The dialogue concludes that it is not young boys but
grown men of all ages who need a careful education. This spirited little
piece is full of dramatic vigour--the remarks of Laches and Nicias about
each other as they are repeatedly confuted are most human and diverting.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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