Nor have we yet mentioned this stupendous thinker's full claim to absolute predominance in intellectual effort. His works on Medicine were known to and appreciated by the Arabs, who translated them and brought them to Spain and Sicily when they conquered those countries. Averroes commented on them and added notes of his own which contributed not a little to the development of the healing art. More than this, and greatest of all, during the later Middle Ages Aristotle's system alone was recognised as possessing universal value; it was taken as the foundation on which the most famous and important Schoolmen erected their philosophies--Chaucer mentions a clerk who possessed twenty books, a treasure indeed in those days; it provided a European Church with a Theology and the cosmopolitan European Universities with a curriculum. Greater honour than this no man ever had or ever can have. Thus, although the Greek city-state seemed to perish in mockery with Demosthenes, yet the Greek spirit of free discussion which died in the great orator was set free in another form in that same year; leaving Aristotle's body, it ranged through the world conquering and civilising. If in our ignorance and bigotry we try to kill Greek literature, we shall find that, like the hero of the _Bacchae_, we are turning our blows against our own selves, to the delight of all who relish exhibitions of perfect folly. TRANSLATIONS: Kennedy's edition is the best. It is vigorous and reads almost like an English work. Butcher's _Demosthenes_ is the standard introduction to the speeches. Many reminiscences of Demosthenes are to be found in the speeches of Lord Brougham. ARISTOTLE _Politics_. Jowett (Oxford). Welldon (Macmillan). _Poetics_. Butcher (Macmillan). Bywater (Oxford). Both contain excellent commentaries and notes. _Ethics_. Welldon. _Rhetoric_. Welldon. (Contains valuable analysis and notes.) The article on Greek Science in the _Legacy of Greece_ (Oxford) should not be omitted.