(M274) Death by drowning was inflicted on a beer-seller for selling beer too cheaply; on a woman for adultery, for being a bad wife, for incest, or for desertion of her husband’s house. In every case the victim was a woman. When men were drowned they shared a woman’s fate. In two cases, adultery and incest, we read of the criminals being bound. In the latter, § 155, it seems that the man was “bound” and the woman drowned. In the former, § 129, both were “bound” and both drowned. It is hardly likely that “bound” can mean merely tied up, or imprisoned, in the case of the man who committed incest. I would suggest that in both cases it means “strangled.” The alternative would be that the confusion in § 155 is due to the scribe. (M275) Death by fire is directly ordered for a votary who opens or enters a beer-shop, for a man and his mother in incest, and indirectly for a thief at a fire. (M276) Impalement on a stake is ordered for a wife procuring her husband’s death. (M277) Indirectly the death-penalty would often be the consequence of an appeal to the ordeal by water, in §§ 2, 132. (M278) The various sorts of mutilation named are of two types: (1) retaliation for bodily disfigurement, (2) symbolical of the offence itself. Thus eye for eye, tooth for tooth, limb for limb, are pure retaliations. But the hands cut off mark the sin of the hands in striking a father, in unlawful surgery, or in branding. The eye torn out was the punishing of unlawful curiosity. The ear cut off marked the sin of the organ of hearing and obedience. The tongue was cut out for the ingratitude evidenced in speech. (M279) Scourging is the only other form of corporal punishment. It was done with an ox-hide scourge, or thong, and sixty strokes were ordered to be publicly inflicted for a gross assault on a superior. (M280) Banishment from the city was the penalty for incest.(156) (M281) Restitution may, perhaps, hardly be regarded as a penalty. Thus a man who was found in possession of lost property had to restore it. In case of loss caused by neglect or ill-treatment of hired property, or of goods deposited or intrusted, or by want of care in treating diseased limbs, restitution, goods for goods, ox for ox, ass for ass, _et cetera_, was ordered.(157) (M282) But restitution of many times the damage inflicted is a distinct penalty. The Code orders threefold for cheating a principal,(158) fivefold for loss or theft of goods by carrier,(159) sixfold for defrauding an agent,(160) tenfold for theft by a poor man, or for careless loss by shepherd or herdsman,(161) twelvefold for a false sentence by a judge,(162) thirtyfold for theft on the part of a gentleman.