unnaturally been stimulated by this remarkable discovery, and researches on the properties inherent in the gall of healthy animals of various kinds have been recently carried out by Dr. Neufeld, of the Institute for Infectious Diseases in Berlin, which are, however, of a too technical nature to deal with here. As an illustration of the practical use to which Koch's gall immunisation method may be put in dealing with outbreaks of rinderpest, reference to a recent report furnished by the Health Officer of Shanghai may be of interest. Dr. Arthur Stanley describes the outbreak as follows:-- "A large herd of cattle infected with cattle-plague was brought to Shanghai from the Tanyang district, around the Grand Canal, for export to the allied troops in the north of China. The disease spread to an adjacent dairy, most of the cattle dying. On this dairy becoming infected a police cordon was established round it to prevent ingress and egress of cattle and ingress of persons unconnected with the dairy, while the outside infected herd was removed to an isolated part of the settlement. Having been previously convinced of the futility of police cordons in the prevention of cattle-plague, I was not surprised to find, within a short time, that the disease had spread, by the meeting together of cattle-coolies at a common tea-house, to three other dairies at a distance of a quarter, a half, and two miles from the original source of infection. "As the animals are not, as a rule, taken away from the immediate vicinity of the dairy, there being no grazing fields, and as neither fodder nor dung is taken from one dairy to another, it is practically certain the infection was carried by the dairy-coolies. "Immediately on this second series of dairies becoming infected it was resolved to apply the gall immunisation method of Koch as being the means at hand. About 1,500 cubic centimetres were collected from the gall-bladder of a rinderpest animal, and 10 cubic centimetres were injected into the dewlap of each of the twenty remaining cattle in the dairy. "The injection caused slight local swelling and tenderness, but no constitutional symptoms and no alteration in the milk-supply, an important matter in a dairy. In all sixty-eight cattle were injected with cattle-plague gall. Of these, seventeen were among isolated uninfected herds; the remaining fifty-one belonged to infected herds, and among the latter eleven died of cattle-plague subsequent to the injection." Dr. Stanley points out that ten of these animals, judging by the time which elapsed _after_ the injection, when they showed the first symptoms of the disease, _must have been already infected when the injections were made_; the eleventh animal, however, undoubtedly contracted the disease after and in spite of the injection.