[145] A.R. Wallace, _Narrative of Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro_, p. 496 (p. 345 of the Minerva Library edition, London, 1889). [146] _Taboo and the Perils of the Soul_, pp. 105 _sqq._; _The Scapegoat_> pp. 259 _sqq._ [147] J.B. von Spix and C.F.Ph. von Martius, _Reise in Brasilien_ (Munich, 1823-1831), iii. 1320. [148] W. Lewis Herndon, _Exploration of the Valley of the Amazon_ (Washington, 1854), pp. 319 _sq._ The scene was described to Mr. Herndon by a French engineer and architect, M. de Lincourt, who witnessed it at Manduassu, a village on the Tapajos river. Mr. Herndon adds: "The _Tocandeira_ ants not only bite, but are also armed with a sting like the wasp; but the pain felt from it is more violent. I think it equal to that occasioned by the sting of the black scorpion." He gives the name of the Indians as Mahues, but I assume that they are the same as the Mauhes described by Spix and Martius. [149] Francis de Castelnau, _Expédition dans les parties centrals de l'Amérique du Sud_ (Paris, 1850-1851), v. 46. [150] L'Abbé Durand, "Le Rio Negro du Nord et son bassin," _Bulletin de la Société de Géographie_ (Paris), vi. Série, iii. (1872) pp. 21 _sq._ The writer says that the candidate has to keep his arms plunged up to the shoulders in vessels full of ants, "as in a bath of vitriol," for hours. He gives the native name of the ant as _issauba_. [151] J. Crevaux, _Voyages dans l'Amérique du Sud_ (Paris, 1883), pp. 245-250. [152] H. Coudreau, _Chez nos Indiens: quatre années dans la Guyane Française_ (Paris, 1895), p. 228. For details as to the different modes of administering the _maraké_ see _ibid._ pp. 228-235. [153] Father Geronimo Boscana, "Chinigchinich," in _Life in California by an American_ [A. Robinson] (New York, 1846), pp. 273 _sq._ [154] F. Stuhlmann, _Mit Emin Pascha ins Herz von Afrika_ (Berlin, 1894), p. 506.