The =skeleton= of a fish is simpler than the skeleton of other backboned animals. Study Fig. 212 or a prepared skeleton. At first glance, the skeleton appears to have two vertebral columns. Why? What bones does the fish have that correspond to bones in the human skeleton? Are the projections (processes) from the vertebræ long or short? The _ribs_ are attached to the vertebræ of the trunk, the last rib being above the vent. The tail begins at the vent. Are there more tail vertebræ or trunk vertebræ? Are there any neck (cervical) vertebræ (_i.e._ in front of those that bear ribs)? The first few ribs (how many?) are attached to the central body of the vertebræ. The remaining ribs are loosely attached to processes on the vertebræ. The ribs of bony fishes are not homologous with the ribs of the higher vertebrates. In most fishes there are bones called intermuscular bones attached to the first ribs (how many in the perch?) which are possibly homologous to true ribs; that is, true ribs in the higher vertebrates may have been developed from such beginnings. [Illustration: FIG. 213. ] [Illustration: FIG. 214.—SOFT-RAYED AND SPINY-RAYED FINS. ] Which, if any, of the _fin skeletons_ (Fig. 214) are not attached to the general skeleton? Which fin is composed chiefly of tapering, pointed rays? Which fins consist of rays which subdivide and widen toward the end? Which kind are stiff, and which are flexible? Which of the fin rays are segmented, or in two portions? The outer segment is called the radial, the inner the basal segment. Which segments are longer? There is one basal segment that lacks a radial segment. Find it (Fig. 212). [Illustration: FIG. 215.—CARP, with right gill cover removed to show gills. ] What is the advantage of the backbone plan of structure over the armour-plate plan? You have seen the spool-like body of the vertebra in canned salmon. Is it concave, flat, or convex at the ends? [Illustration: FIG. 216.—SKELETON AROUND THROAT OF FISH. ]