[18] We shall see later (p. 221) that at Louvain Dr. Hedin was shamefully deceived by the military authorities who were guiding him through the city. It is this which makes us fear that there may also have been deceit in the case of the villagers tried as "francs-tireurs." [19] _Kriegsbrauch im Landkriege._ Professor J. H. Morgan has published a translation, with an introduction (John Murray). For a comparison between German, French, and English usages see _Frightfulness in Theory and Practice_, by Charles Andler, ed. Bernard Miall (T. Fisher Unwin). [20] They are all, with a truly German lack of originality, with the genuine intellectual slavishness of the "blonde beast," simply repeating the words of Clausewitz, as all German military philosophers have done for the best part of a century.--(TRANS.) [21] A perusal of Clausewitz, von Hartmann, and the _Kriegsbrauch_ would have dispelled all doubt. None of these theories is new: how often does a German develop a _new_ theory? This peculiarly bloodless, mechanically ferocious barbarism is nearly a century old. The French had seen it in action before.--(TRANS.) [22] The Germans even accuse the Belgian Government of paying its "francs-tireurs" "by the piece"; that is, so much per German killed. [23] If it had _openly_ encouraged the civil population it would merely have ordered the _levée en masse_, which it had a perfect right to do: as Germany did in 1813. But it is interesting to note that in 1813 the German francs-tireurs were required _not_ to wear distinctive uniforms or badges, and were allowed to use any weapons and any means of injuring the enemy. Germany invented the franc-tireur, and now expects Belgium to do what she would do in a like case. _The bogy so feared by the German soldier is, indeed, his own shadow._ Actually, of course, the Belgian Government called upon civilians to keep quiet and to surrender arms.--(TRANS.) [24] Thus _Der Grosse Krieg_, pp. 51 and 52, published a Wolff telegram on the 3rd August, 1914, saying that many spies had already been shot in Germany, but that the public should none the less be careful to report suspects, particularly those who spoke a foreign language. [25] _Étape_ (_etappen_, Germ.), stores, rations, or a halting-place.--(TRANS.) [26] If we mention Reims it is because the Germans have on eight occasions posted placards in Belgium bearing declarations relating to this crime against civilization. [27] We have not been able to verify the authenticity of the quotation from the _Times_. [28] In Germany the phrase has a meaning _sui generis_. [29] Names will be published later. [30] See photographs in _Panorama_, 9B (26th August, 1914), 17A (16th October, 1914), 18A (16th October, 1914). [31] A pit for storing potatoes in good condition. CHAPTER III THE GERMAN MIND, SELF-DEPICTED