Treaty of peace, early suggestions of peace without independence by Pulteney, 357; by "Charles de Weissenstein," 357, 358; latter supposed to be George III., 358; answered by Franklin, 358, 359; proposals by Hartley, 359; high tone of Franklin's replies, 361; effects of capture of Cornwallis, 363; efforts by Lord North to divide the States and France, 363; repudiated by Franklin and by Vergennes, 364; fall of North cabinet, 364; formation of Rockingham cabinet, friendly to America, 365; Shelburne sends Oswald to see Franklin and Vergennes, 365; plan of separate treaty with America again rejected, 365; Laurens brings same news from Adams, 365; Franklin suggests certain concessions, 366, 371; rivalry of Fox and Shelburne, 366; both send emissaries, 366; dealings of Grenville with Vergennes and Franklin, 367-370; possibility that to avoid prolonging war on Spain's account, the States might treat separately, 369; difficulties over Grenville's and Oswald's commissions, 371; retirement of Fox and Grenville from Shelburne ministry, 372; Oswald resumes negotiation, 372; debate over form of his commission, 373-377; Jay and Adams overrule Franklin, 374; their suspicions of French friendliness, 374-376; Jay persuades Shelburne to yield his objections, 376; negotiations resumed, 377; draft agreed upon but rejected by English, 377; difficulties of American commissioners on account of their instructions, 377, 378; Adams and Jay again overrule Franklin and determine not to follow French advice, 379; boundaries agreed upon, 380; fisheries, 380; responsibility of Franklin for dispute over indemnification of Tories, 380; a deadlock, 381; counter-claims suggested by Franklin, 381, 382; Shelburne yields, 382; provisional articles signed, 383; condemnation of treaty in England, 383; real success of Americans, 384; anger of Vergennes, 384, 385, 387; Franklin's reply, 386; condemnation in America, 388; justification of Adams and Jay, 391, 392, 396. Truxton, Commodore, 401. Turgot, opposes France's aiding colonies, 227, 228; on French poverty, 319. University of Pennsylvania, founded by Franklin, 37. Vaughan, Benjamin, sent by Shelburne to Paris, 372; carries Jay's message to Shelburne, 376; fears failure of treaty over royalist indemnity, 381.