[Footnote i-329: In 1775 he submitted to the Second Continental Congress his _Articles of Confederation_ (_Writings_, VI, 420-6) which called for a "firm League of Friendship" motivated by a unicameral assembly and a plural executive, a Council of twelve. It was democratic also in its "basing representation upon population instead of financial support" (Eiselen, _op. cit._, 54).] [Footnote i-330: _Writings_, VII, 48.] [Footnote i-331: _Ibid._, VII, 23. No dull sidelight on the quality of Franklin's radicalism during this period is the fact that he brought Thomas Paine to the colonies and was partly responsible for the writing of _Common Sense_. It is alleged that Franklin considered Paine "his adopted political son" (cited in M. D. Conway's _Life of Thomas Paine_, 3d ed., New York, 1893, II, 468). For explication of Paine's political theories see C. E. Merriam, "Political Theories of Thomas Paine," _Political Science Quarterly_, XIV, 389-403.] [Footnote i-332: Hale and Hale, _op. cit._, I, 70; see also 75.] [Footnote i-333: _Ibid._, I, 32.] [Footnote i-334: Cited in J. B. Perkins, _France in the American Revolution_, 140.] [Footnote i-335: _Ibid._, 127.] [Footnote i-336: See D. J. Hill, "A Missing Chapter of Franco-American History," _American Historical Review_, XXI, 709-19, (July, 1916).] [Footnote i-337: _Ibid._, 710.] [Footnote i-338: _Writings_, IX, 132. The Due de la Rochefoucauld translated them into French (IX, 71). Franklin thought they would induce emigration to the colonies. See the scores of requests (on the part of notable Frenchmen) and thanks for copies of the constitutions of the United States listed in _Calendar of the Papers of Benjamin Franklin in the Library of the American Philosophical Society_.] [Footnote i-339: J. S. Schapiro, _Condorcet and the Rise of Liberalism_, 79-81 and _passim_.] [Footnote i-340: _Ibid._, 222.] [Footnote i-341: Cited in W. T. Franklin's edition, I, 303-4. E. P. Oberholtzer, essentially hostile to Franklin, is obliged to admit that Franklin "seems not to have had more than an advisory part" in making the Constitution of 1776. He adds that if Franklin did not form it, "he was at any rate a loyal defender of its principles," and that he seems to have allowed the French to think that the Constitution was his own (_The Referendum in America_, New York, 1900, 26-42). For Franklin's later defenses of unicameralism, see _Writings_, IX, 645, 674; X; 56-8.] [Footnote i-342: Cited in B. Faÿ, _The Revolutionary Spirit In France and America_, 289. Faÿ shows that in France the "revolutionary leaders" who took lessons from Franklin regarded him as "the prophet and saint of a new religion," as the "high priest of Philosophy." See also E. J. Lowell, _The Eve of the French Revolution_ (Boston, 1892), chaps. XVI and XVIII.] [Footnote i-343: B. Faÿ, _The Revolutionary Spirit in France and America_, 302.] [Footnote i-344: _Writings_, VIII, 34.]