[Footnote i-72: See his _United States Elevated to Glory and Honour ..._, May 8, 1783 (Worcester, 1785).] [Footnote i-73: See _Literary Diary_ for his inveterate interest in science and the laws of nature; see also I. M. Calder (ed.), _Letters & Papers of Ezra Stiles ..._ (New Haven, 1933).] [Footnote i-74: See Hornberger, _op. cit._, 419.] [Footnote i-75: For full backgrounds, see G. P. Gooch, _English Democratic Ideas in the Seventeenth Century_, W. A. Dunning, _A History of Political Theories from Luther to Montesquieu_; H. L. Osgood, "Political Ideas of the Puritans," _Political Science Quarterly_, VI, 1-29, 201-31; Mellen Chamberlain, _John Adams ... with Other Essays_ (Boston, 1898), especially pp. 19-53, stressing the influence of Puritanism on political liberalism; Alice Baldwin, _The New England Clergy and the American Revolution_; J. W. Thornton, _The Pulpit of the American Revolution_ (Boston, 1860), a collection of election sermons edited with an extensive introduction; C. H. Van Tyne, "The Influence of the Clergy ... in the American Revolution," _American Historical Review_, XIX, 44-64. In stressing the influence on Franklin of European ideas, it is important to remember that, as we shall see, it is probable that some of Franklin's interest in doing good (charity), in science, and in democracy may have been inspired by his exposure during his formative years to American Puritanism.] [Footnote i-76: _The Writings of Benjamin Franklin_, ed. by Albert Henry Smyth (New York, 1905-1907), I, 300; (hereafter referred to as _Writings_). For a scholarly exposition of backgrounds of educational theory in relation to philosophy, especially the cult of progress, see A. O. Hansen's _Liberalism and American Education in the Eighteenth Century_, which includes a valuable bibliography. This work, however, slights Franklin and Jefferson.] [Footnote i-77: _Writings_, I, 312.] [Footnote i-78: For an exhaustive survey of the means Franklin pursued to educate himself, and suggestive notes on his ideas of education, see F. N. Thorpe's _Benjamin Franklin and the University of Pennsylvania_, chaps. I-II, 9-203. See also Thomas Woody's _Educational Views of Benjamin Franklin_ (New York, 1931), which in addition to relevant selections from Franklin's works contains stimulating observations by the editor.] [Footnote i-79: _Writings_, I, 323.] [Footnote i-80: _Essays to do Good_, with an Introductory Essay by Andrew Thomson (Glasgow, 1825 [1710]), 189.] [Footnote i-81: _Ibid._, 102.] [Footnote i-82: _Ibid._, 192-3.] [Footnote i-83: See his letter to Samuel Mather, May 12, 1784 (_Writings_, IX, 208-10).] [Footnote i-84: _The Works of Daniel Defoe_, ed. by Wm. Hazlitt (London, 1843), I.] [Footnote i-85: _Franklin, the Apostle of Modern Times_, 119. Also see his "Learned Societies in Europe and America in the Eighteenth Century," _American Historical Review_, XXXVII, 258 (1932), in which he suggests that the Junto "had Masonic leanings."]