1. On the north were the =Hivites=, "that dwelt in Mount Lebanon, from Mount Baal-hermon unto the entering in of Hamath." (Judges 3:3.) This is supposed to have been the original home of the race, from which they journeyed to their seat in Central Palestine. Still further north were the =Arkites=, the =Sinites=, the =Arvadites= and the =Hamathites=. 2. On the northeast lay the desert, and on the southeast roamed the =Ammonites=, already mentioned. 3. On the south were several tribes, not all of which can be located with certainty. In the west, south of the Philistine country, were the =Amalekites=, a people of unknown origin and predatory habits. South of Judah were the =Kenites=; and southeast of the Dead Sea, were, in early times, the Horim (already mentioned), succeeded during the time of the sojourn by the =Edomites=, a race descended from Esau, who will be described hereafter. (See explanations to map on page 44.) With regard to these early inhabitants of Palestine, the following facts may be noteworthy: 1. In respect to =race=, most of them belonged to the Hamitic stock; though the origin of the six earliest peoples remains unknown, and the two latest, the Moabites and Ammonites, were Semites, and closely related to Israel. 2. As to =language=, they probably spoke the Hebrew tongue, or one closely allied to it. In Isa. 19:18, the Hebrew is evidently "the language of Canaan," _i. e._, of the Canaanites. Whether this language was the one originally spoken by Abraham's ancestors or not, we have no means of knowing; but it is possible that it was gained, during the period of the journeyings, from the Canaanites. 3. In =government=, each village or tribe had its own ruler, who was called a "_king_"; but his authority was limited by the "_elders_," a body having influence partly from birth, and partly by force of character of its members. 4. Their =religion= was widely different from that of the Hebrews, who, from the age of Abraham, worshiped one invisible, self-existent, spiritual God. The Canaanites deified nature under various forms, especially as Baal, the giver of life, and Ashtoreth (Greek, Astarte), the corresponding female divinity. Their rites of worship were abominable, cruel and licentious. They sacrificed not only captured enemies, but their own children, to their idols, and performed acts of the grossest wickedness at their idolatrous service. 5. Their =history= is unwritten, save in its tragical close, the conquest of their land by the Israelites under Joshua, and the annihilation of many of their races. Still, many lived as a separate people through all Jewish history; and some of the best scholars are of opinion that the native population of Palestine at the present time mainly belongs to this old Canaanite stock. OUTLINE FOR REVIEW. I. _Earliest Inhabitants._ Rephaim, Zuzim, Emim, Horim, Avim, Anakim.