Biographies of distinguished scientific men. First seriesArago, F. (François)
History
Biographies of distinguished scientific men. First series
Arago, F. (François)
Scientists -- Biography
The solar nebula was endued with a general movement of revolution
directed from west to east. As it cooled it could not fail to experience
a gradual condensation, and, in consequence, to rotate with greater and
greater rapidity. If the nebulous matter extended originally in the
plane of the equator as far as the limit at which the centrifugal force
exactly counterbalanced the attraction of the nucleus, the molecules
situate at this limit ought, during the process of condensation, to
separate from the rest of the atmospheric matter and form an equatorial
zone, a ring revolving separately and with its primitive velocity. We
may conceive that analogous separations were effected in the higher
strata of the nebula at different epochs, that is to say, at different
distances from the nucleus, and that they give rise to a succession of
distinct rings, included almost in the same plane and endued with
different velocities.
This being once admitted, it is easy to see that the indefinite
stability of the rings would have required a regularity of structure
throughout their whole contour, which is very improbable. Each of them
accordingly broke in its turn into several masses, which were plainly
endued with a movement of rotation, coinciding in direction with the
common movement of revolution, and which in consequence of their
fluidity assumed spheroidal forms.
In order, then, that one of those spheroids might absorb all the others
belonging to the same ring, it will be sufficient to assign to it a mass
greater than that of any other spheroid.
Each of the planets, while in the vaporous condition to which we have
just alluded, would manifestly have a central nucleus gradually
increasing in magnitude and mass, and an atmosphere offering, at its
successive limits, phenomena entirely similar to those which the solar
atmosphere, properly so called, had exhibited. We here witness the birth
of satellites, and that of the ring of Saturn.
The system, of which I have just given an imperfect sketch, has for its
object to show how a nebula endued with a general movement of rotation
must eventually transform itself into a very luminous central nucleus (a
sun) and into a series of distinct spheroidal planets, situate at
considerable distances from each other, revolving all around the central
sun in the direction of the original movement of the nebula; how these
planets ought also to have movements of rotation operating in similar
directions; how, finally, the satellites, when any of such are formed,
cannot fail to revolve upon their axes and around their respective
primaries, in the direction of rotation of the planets and of their
movement of revolution around the sun.
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