Some of his shortcomings that served to retard the progress of science have been mentioned. Still, with all his faults, he dominated zoölogical science at the beginning of the nineteenth century, and so powerful was his influence and so undisputed was his authority among the French people that the rising young men in natural science sided with Cuvier even when he was wrong. It is a noteworthy fact that France, under the influence of the traditions of Cuvier, was the last country slowly and reluctantly to harbor as true the ideas regarding the evolution of animal life. Cuvier's Successors While Cuvier's theoretical conclusions exercised a retarding influence upon the progress of biology, his practical studies more than compensated for this. It has been pointed out how his type-theory led to the reform of the Linnæan system, but, besides this, the stimulus which his investigations gave to studies in comparative anatomy was even of more beneficent influence. As time passed the importance of comparative anatomy as one division of biological science impressed itself more and more upon naturalists. A large number of investigators in France, England, and Germany entered the field and took up the work where Cuvier had left it. The more notable of these successors of Cuvier should come under consideration. [Illustration: Fig. 43.--H. Milne-Edwards, 1800-1885.] His intellectual heirs in France were Milne-Edwards and Lacaze-Duthiers. Milne-Edwards.--H. Milne-Edwards (1800-1885) was a man of great industry and fine attainments; prominent alike in comparative anatomy, comparative physiology, and general zoölogy, professor for many years at the Sorbonne in Paris. In 1827 he introduced into biology the fruitful idea of the division of physiological labor. He completed and published excellent researches upon the structure and development of many animals, notably crustacea, corals, etc. His work on comparative anatomy took the form of explanations of the activities of animals, or comparative physiology. His comprehensive treatise _Leçons sur la Physiologie et l'Anatomie Comparée_, in fourteen volumes, 1857-1881, is a mine of information regarding comparative anatomy as well as the physiology of organisms. [Illustration: Fig. 44.--Lacaze-Duthiers, 1821-1901.] Lacaze-Duthiers.--Henri de Lacaze-Duthiers (1821-1901), the man of comprehensive mind, stimulating as an instructor of young men, inspiring other workers, and producing a large amount of original research on his own account, director of the Seaside Stations at Roscoff and Banyuls, the founder of a noteworthy periodical of experimental zoölogy--this great man, whose portrait is shown in Fig. 44, was one of the leading comparative anatomists in France. [Illustration: Fig. 45.--Lorenzo Oken, 1779-1851.]