Normal Histology and Pathology.--But histology has two phases: the investigation of the tissues in health, which is called normal histology; and the study of the tissues in disease and under abnormal conditions of development, which is designated pathological histology. The latter division, on account of its importance to the medical man, has been extensively cultivated, and the development of pathological study has greatly extended the knowledge of the tissues and has had its influence upon the progress of normal histology. Goodsir, in England, and Henle, in Germany, entered the field of pathological histology, both doing work of historical importance. They were soon followed by Virchow, whose eminence as a man and a scientist has made his name familiar to people in general. [Illustration: Fig. 51.--Rudolph Virchow, 1821-1903.] Virchow.--Rudolph Virchow (1821-1903), for many years a professor in the University of Berlin, was a notable man in biological science and also as a member of the German parliament. He assisted in molding the cell-theory into better form, and in 1858 published a work on _Cellular Pathology_, which applied the cell-theory to diseased tissues. It is to be remembered that Bichat was a medical man, intensely interested in pathological, or diseased, tissues, and we see in Virchow the one who especially extended Bichat's work on the side of abnormal histology. Virchow's name is associated also with the beginning of the idea of germinal continuity, which is the basis of biological ideas regarding heredity (see, further, Chapter XV). [Illustration: Fig. 52.--Franz Leydig, 1821-1908 (April). Courtesy of Dr. Wm. M. Wheeler.] Leydig.--Franz Leydig (Fig. 52) was early in the field as a histologist with his handbook (_Lehrbuch der Histologie des Menschen und der Thiere_) published in 1857. He applied histology especially to the tissues of insects in 1864 and subsequent years, an account of which has already been given in Chapter V. [Illustration: Fig. 53.--S. Ramon y Cajal, 1850-] Cajal as Histologist.--Ramon y Cajal, professor in the University of Madrid, is a histologist whose work in a special field of research is of world-wide renown. His investigations into the microscopic texture of the nervous system and sense-organs have in large part cleared up the questions of the complicated relations between the nervous elements. In company with other European investigators he visited the United States in 1899 on the invitation of Clark University, where his lectures were a feature of the celebration of the tenth anniversary of that university. Besides receiving many honors in previous years, in 1906 he was awarded, in conjunction with the Italian histologist Golgi, one of the Nobel prizes in recognition of his notable investigations. Golgi invented the staining methods that Ramon y Cajal has applied so extensively and so successfully to the histology of the nervous system.