[60] Wakeley was a heretic wealthy doctor who led the campaign in Britain against the monopoly of surgical training and practice held by the Royal College of Surgeons of London. ALAN ARNOLD KLASS, _There's Gold in "Them Thar Pills"_ (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1975), pages 158-159. [61] JOHN HARVEY POWELL, _Bring Out Your Dead_ (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1949), page 123. [62] See, e.g., RICHARD SHRYOCK, _Medicine and Society in America: 1660-1860_ (New York: New York University Press, 1960), pages 67, 111-112. [63] JAMES T. FLEXNER, _George Washington: Anguish and Farewell_ (Boston: Little, Brown, 1972), pages 457-459. [64] BARBARA DUNCUM, _The Development of Inhalation Anesthesia_ (The Wellcome Historical Medical Museum, Oxford University Press, 1947), page 195. [65] HAMONIC, op. cit. [note 57], pages 95-96. [66] DONALD D. SHIRA, "Phlebotomy Lancet," _Ohio State Medical Journal_, volume 35 (1939), page 67. [67] HEISTER, (1719) loc. cit. [note 18]. [68] _Encyclopedia or Dictionary of the Arts and Sciences_, 1st American edition (Philadelphia, 1798). [69] RISTELHUEBER, "Notice: sur la flammette, phlebotome des Allemands, Fliete, Schnepper oder gefederte Fliete, phlebotomus elasticus, Flamme ou flammette," _Journal de Medecine, chirurgie et pharmacologie_, volume 37 (Paris, 1816), pages 9-17. [70] JOHN SYNG DORSEY, _Elements of Surgery: For the Use of Students_, volume 2 (Philadelphia, 1813), pages 279-281. [71] Patent specifications, U.S. patent 16479. [72] M. MALGAIGNE, "Esquisse historique sur la saignee consideree au point de vue operatoire; extrait des lecons du Professeur Malgaigne," _Revue Medico Chirurgicale de Paris_, volume 9 (1851), page 123. [73] GARRISON, op. cit. [note 38], page 501. [74] Some of these studies are cited in B. M. RANDOLPH, "The Bloodletting Controversy in the Nineteenth Century," _Annals of Medical History_, volume 7 (1935), page 181. [75] Quotation cited by LESTER S. KING, "The Blood-letting Controversy: A Study in the Scientific Method," _Bulletin of the History of Medicine_, volume 35 (1961), page 2. [76] MARTIN KAUFMANN, _Homeopathy in America_ (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1971), pages 1-14. Other references on the decline of bloodletting include: LEON S. BRYAN, JR., "Blood-letting in American Medicine, 1830-1892," _Bulletin of the History of Medicine_, volume 38 (1964), pages 516-529; B. M. RANDOLPH, op. cit. [note 74], pages 177-182; JAMES POLK MORRIS, "The Decline of Bleeding in America, 1830-1865" (manuscript, Institute for the Medical Humanities, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas), 11 pages. [77] HENRY I. BOWDITCH, _Venesection, Its Abuse Formerly--Its Neglect at the Present Day_ (Boston: David Clapp & Son, 1872), pages 5, 6. [78] W. MITCHELL CLARKE, "On the History of Bleeding, and Its Disuse in Modern Practice," _The British Medical Journal_ (July 1875), page 67.