[97] PIERRE DIONIS, _Cours d'operations de chirurgie demonstrees au Jardin Royal_ (Paris, 1708), page 584. [98] RENE JACQUES CROISSANTE DE GARENGEOT, _Nouveau Traite des Instrumens de Chirurgie les plus utiles_ (The Hague, 1725), page 342. [99] DIONIS, op. cit. [note 97], page 585. [100] MAPLESON, op. cit. [note 90], pages 27-28. See also GEORGE FREDERICK KNOX, op. cit. [note 2], page 29. [101] MAPLESON, op. cit. [note 90]; BAYFIELD, op. cit. [note 87]; KNOX, op. cit. [note 2]; and MONSON HILLS, "A Short Treatise on the Operation of Cupping," _Boston Medical and Surgical Journal_, volume 9 (1834), pages 261-273. [102] KNOX, op. cit. [note 2], page vi. [103] BAYFIELD, op. cit. [note 87], page 125. [104] DIONIS, op. cit. [note 97], page 587 and figure 57 on page 583. [105] KNOX, op. cit. [note 2], page 33. [106] JOHN H. SAVIGNY, _A Collection of Engravings representing the Most Modern and Approved Instruments Used in the Practice of Surgery_ (London, 1798), plate 7. For the earlier grease lamp, see J. A. BRAMBILLA, _Instrumentarium Chirurgicum Viennense oder Wiennerliche Chirurgische Instrumenten Sammlung_ (Vienna, 1780), plate 2. [107] BAYFIELD, op. cit. [note 87], page 123; KNOX, op. cit. [note 2], page 33; HILLS, op. cit. [note 101], page 263. [108] See DIONIS, op. cit. [note 97], page 587 and figure 58 on page 583; and LAURENCE HEISTER, op. cit. [note 47], page 329 and plate 12. The parallel incisions were described in antiquity by Oribasius (ca. A.D. 360), the most important medical author after Galen and the friend of the emperor Julian. See GURLT, op. cit. [note 1], volume 3, page 563. [109] AMBROISE PARE, _The Collected Works of Ambroise Pare_, translated by Thomas Johnson (London, 1634). Reprint edition (Pound Ridge, New York: Milford House, 1968), page 446. The drawing first appeared in Pare's treatise "Methode de traiter des playes de la teste" in 1561. [110] PAULUS AEGINETA, _Medicinae Totius enchiridion_ (Basileae, 1541), page 460. [111] ALBERT WILHELM HERMANN SEERIG, _Armamentarium chirurgicum oder moeglichst vollstaendige Sammlung von Abbildungen und Beschreibung Chirurgischer Instrument alterer und neuerer Zeit_ (Breslau, 1838), page 598. [112] JACQUES DELECHEMPS, _Chirurgie Francoise Recueillie_ (Lyon, 1564, page 174); HELLKIAH CROOKE. _Micrographia: A Description of the Body of Men ... with an Explanation of the Fashion and Use of Three & Fifty Instruments of Chirurgy_ (London, 1631). [113] GARENGEOT, op. cit. [note 98], pages 347, 351. [114] HEISTER (1719), op. cit. [note 18], page 329. Lorenz Heister _... Chirurgie ..._ (Nuremberg, 1719) includes the same picture of the scarificator as the 1759 English translation. [115] HEISTER (1759), op. cit. [note 47], page 330.