[135] THOMAS MACHELL, "Description of an Apparatus for Cupping, Dry Cupping, and Drawing the Breasts of Females; With some Observations Respecting Its Use," _London Medical and Physical Journal_, volume 42 (1819), pages 378-380; BAYFIELD, op. cit. [note 87], pages 81-89. [136] BAYFIELD, op. cit. [note 87], pages 92-93. [137] ROBERT J. DODD, "Improved Cupping Apparatus," _The American Journal of the Medical Sciences_, new series, volume 7 (1844), page 510. See also patent specifications, U.S. patent 3537. [138] Patent specifications, U.S. patent 68985. [139] HILLS, op. cit. [note 101], page 261. [140] GILLESPIE, op. cit. [note 93], page 29. [141] FRANCES FOX, JR., "A Description of an Improved Cupping Glass, with Which from Five to Eight Ounces of Blood May Be Drawn, with Observations," _The Lancet_, volume 12 (1827), pages 238-239. KNOX, op. cit. [note 2], pages 36-37, recommended these glasses especially for use on young ladies who feared scars left by cupping. One of the "glass leeches" fixed below the level of the gown could draw all the blood necessary. [142] See JOHN GORDON, "Remarks on the Present Practice of Cupping; With an Account of an Improved Cupping Glass," _The London Medical Repository_, volume 13 (1820), pages 286-289. J. WELSH, "Description of a Substitute for Leeches," _The Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal_, volume 11 (1815), pages 193-194; P. MOLONEY, "A New Cupping Instrument," _Australia Medical Journal_, new series, volume 1 (1879), pages 338-340. At least two American patents were given for improved cups, one to C. L. Myers in 1884 (U.S. patent 291388) and one to Jaime Catuela in 1922 (U.S. patent 1463458). [143] SAVIGNY, op. cit. [note 106], plate 18, illustrated in 1798 "elastic bottles" that could be attached to glass cups for drawing the breasts; however, not until Charles Goodyear's discovery of the vulcanization process in 1838 was rubber widely used in cupping. An American surgeon, Samuel Gross, wrote in 1866 that the glass cup with a bulb of vulcanized rubber was the "most elegant and convenient cup, by far." See SAMUEL GROSS, _A System of Surgery_, 4th edition, 2 volumes (Philadelphia, 1866), volume 1, page 451. [144] GEORGE TIEMANN & CO., _American Armamentarium Chirurgicum_ (New York, 1889), page 825. [145] For one listing of the disadvantages of the common scarificator, see BLATIN, "Scarificator nouveau," _Bulletin de l'Academie Royale de Medecine_, volume 11 (1845-1846), pages 87-90. Blatin patented a new scarificator in 1844 that supposedly overcame the difficulties he listed. [146] JAMES COXETER, "New Surgical Instruments," _The Lancet_ (November 15, 1845), page 538; JAMES COXETER & SON, _A Catalogue of Surgical Instruments_ (London, 1870), page 48. Coxeter sold his scarificator for 2 pounds, 2 shillings, while he offered his "best scarificator, with old action" for two pounds.