the cerebral hemispheres--the decorticated dog, by growling and biting when handled, has the appearance of being enraged;[223] the decerebrate cat, when vigorously stimulated, retracts its lips and tongue, stares with dilated pupils, snarls and snaps its jaws.[224] On the other hand, stroking the hair, whistling and gently calling to produce a pleased attitude, or yelling to produce fright, have not the slightest effect in evoking from the decorticated dog signs of joy and affection or of fear, nor does the animal manifest any sexual feeling. The absence of bodily indications of these emotions is quite as significant as the presence of the signs of anger. For since expressions of anger can persist without the cerebral cortex, there is little reason why the complexes of other emotional expressions, if their “machinery” exists below the cortex, should not also be elicitable. That they are not elicitable suggests that they require a more elaborately organized grouping of neurones than does anger--possibly what the cortex, or the cortex in combination with basal ganglia, would provide. The contrast between the brevity of the “pseudo-affective reactions” in the decerebrate cat, though the viscera are still connected with the central nervous system, and the normal duration of emotional expression in the dog with the body separated from the head region, has been used by Sherrington to weigh the importance of the visceral and other factors. And the evidence which I have given above, as well as that which he has offered, favors the view that the viscera are relatively unimportant in an emotional complex, especially in contributing differential features. REFERENCES [Footnote 213: James: Principles of Psychology, New York, 1905, i, p. 22.] [Footnote 214: Prince: The Unconscious, New York, 1914, p. 456.] [Footnote 215: Hertz: Constipation and Allied Intestinal Disorders, London, 1909, p. 81.] [Footnote 216: v. Trenck: Merkwürdige Lebensgeschichte, Berlin, 1787, p. 195.] [Footnote 217: James, _Loc. cit._, p. 415.] [Footnote 218: McDougall: Introduction to Social Psychology, London, 1908, p. 72.] [Footnote 219: Darwin: _Loc. cit._, p. 76.] [Footnote 220: Müller: Deutsches Archiv für klinische Medicin, 1907, lxxxix, p. 434.] [Footnote 221: Burton: The Anatomy of Melancholy (first published in 1621), London, 1886, p. 443.] [Footnote 222: Sherrington: Proceedings of the Royal Society, 1900, lxvi, p. 397.] [Footnote 223: Goltz: Archiv für die gesammte Physiologie, 1892, li, p. 577.] [Footnote 224: Woodworth and Sherrington: Journal of Physiology, 1904, xxxi, p. 234.] CHAPTER XV ALTERNATIVE SATISFACTIONS FOR THE FIGHTING EMOTIONS