In similar fashion, the statutes of the University of Padua of the year 1283 provide that two _stationarii_ or _bidelli_ should be employed, one of whom should be at the service of the Faculty of jurisprudence, and the other should serve those of arts and of medicine. The theological Faculty was not instituted in Padua until much later. The two _bidelli_ drew salaries, the first of eight ducats per year, and the second of two ducats, forty sols. They were charged with the duty of keeping a supply of _peciæ_ of the texts prescribed in the lists and of placing these supplies at the disposal of the students and scholars calling for the same. In the year 1420, the statutes of the High School of Modena prescribed that the _stationarius_ (there appears to have been question of but one official for the entire institution) must keep a supply of the texts of the Roman and Canonical law, the _summa notaria_, the _speculum_, the Lectures of Cinus and of Innocentius. The _stationarius_ was to charge for the rent of a _pecia_ of the prescribed texts four denarii, of the _glossarii_ five denarii, and of other texts six denarii. I do not find in the regulations any specification of the term covered by this rental. The city was to assure the _stationarius_ of freedom from military service, and was to give him “the yearly compensation of ten lire.”[264] A reference by the Italian scholar Filelfo indicates that from this university arrangement the term _bidellus_ came to be applied to scribes outside of university towns. Filelfo speaks of a _librarius publicus_, “who, in the ordinary speech, is called _bidellus_.” With the increase in the larger universities, such as Bologna and Padua, of the number of students and instructors requiring literary material, the practice gradually took shape of purchasing instead of hiring the texts required, and the _stationarii_ developed into _librarii_. In its original signification, the term _librarius_ stood for librarian; and as late as the fourteenth century the French word _librairie_ was used for a library or a collection of books. It seems to have been only after the introduction of printing that the use of the term _librairie_ finally came to be restricted in France to a collection of books held for sale, that is to say, to a book-shop. The book-dealers, who in the earlier years of the manuscript period devoted themselves to keeping collections of manuscripts, filled, in fact, rather the rôle of librarians than of booksellers. They were ready to rent out their manuscripts for a consideration, or to permit customers to consult the texts without taking them from the shop. The practice of making from their original stock of texts authenticated copies for general sale, was a matter of comparatively slow development.