In the inscription in a manuscript by Engelberg of the twelfth century, we find the lines: _Hic Augustini liber est atque Frowini; alter dictavit, alter scribendo notavit_.[45] This indicates that Augustine was the author, while Frowin served as scribe. A manuscript of the sixth century, contained in the Chapter-House library in Verona, bears the signature _Antiquarius Eulalius_. A manuscript of Orosius, written in the seventh century, is inscribed: _Confectus codex in statione Viliaric Antiquarii_. (A codex completed in the writing-stall of Viliaric the scribe.) This scribe was probably a Goth, as among the signatures in a Ravenna document, containing the list of the clerics of the Gothic Church, occurs the name _Viljaric bokareis_.[46] Otto von Freising says of his _notarius_, Ragewin: _Qui hanc historiam ex ore nostro subnotavit_ (who wrote down this story from my lips); and Gunther, in 1212, complains of a headache which he had brought upon himself _ut verba inventa notario vix possim exprimere_, that is in the attempt to shape the words that he was dictating to his clerks. It was in Italy that the _notarii_ first became of sufficient importance to organise themselves into a profession and to undertake the training, for other work, of young scribes, and it was from Italy that the scribes were gradually distributed throughout Europe. Their most important employment for some time in Italy was in connection with the work of the Church, and particularly in the preparation and manifolding of the documents sent out from Rome. The special script that was adopted for the work of the Papal office was known as _scripta notaria_.[47] According to Wattenbach, the use of papyrus for the documents of the Church, and even for the Papal Bulls, extended as late as the tenth century. Sickel speaks of a Bull of Benedict VIII., of 1022, as the latest known to him which is written on papyrus. The term _chartularii_, or _cartularii_, was applied to clerics originally trained for the work of the Church, but who occasionally devoted themselves also to the manifolding of books. In the memoir of Arnest, who was the first Archbishop of Prague, it was related that he always kept three _cartularii_ at work in the transcribing of books. In the twelfth century, Ordericus speaks of the monks who write books both as _antiquarii_ and as _librarii_.[48] Richard de Bury uses the term in describing the renewal of old manuscripts, and restricts it to scribes who possessed scholarly and critical knowledge. Petrarch makes a similar application.[49] The term _dictare_ was, during the Middle Ages, usually employed to describe the author’s work in composing, or in composing and writing with his own hand, and bears but seldom the meaning of “dictate.” The proper rendering would be more nearly our word “indite.”