The scattering of seeds along streams is too common a process to need
more than a mere mention here, for it is to be seen along any fresh
water stream at harvest time. But seeds that may be carried by ocean
currents have a much greater influence on the distribution of plants,
such as the coconut palm, already mentioned among the food plants, and
now common throughout the tropical world.
The number of seeds that will float in sea water and still keep the
power of germinating is not very great. Most seeds sink at once; many
will float for months, but are useless when they reach land; but those
that will both float and grow afterward have worked some curious changes
in the floras of different islands. Sometimes the great ocean currents,
like the Gulf Stream, appear particularly futile in the fruits they
carry such long distances, as the pods of a tropical vine from the West
Indies are not infrequently found on the coast of Norway and even of
Nova Zembla, of course uselessly. But many ocean currents, particularly
in the Pacific, have carried fruits and seeds thousands of miles, they
have even carried so-called floating islands of vegetation bodily.
Perhaps the most remarkable case is that of _Entada scandens_, a
tropical vine of the pea family, bearing large pods, sometimes several
feet long. The plant is not typically a seaside plant, and there is
evidence that fruits matured in the shade of its usual forest home will
not float. Those that grow nearer the coast and more in the open
develop, through partial drying, a small air chamber inside upon which
the seed depends for buoyancy. Its original home is apparently somewhere
in Central America, from the west coast of which it spread over the
Pacific to the shores of the Indian Ocean. Over the Atlantic it has
reached the shores of tropical Africa, and in fact wherever ocean
currents cast up their refuse on lonely beaches parts of the giant pod
or individual seeds of _Entada scandens_ are found. Partly fossilized
remains of them have been taken from peat bogs along the coast of
Norway, of course dating since glacial times, but showing by their
presence there how long this water-borne seed of the pea family has been
attempting to populate the earth. Of course all that do not reach tropic
shores are lost, but nearly throughout the Pacific Islands, with some
exceptions, the vine is now established. The extraordinary feature of it
all is that scarcely half the seeds of the plant will float at all,
nearly all inland forms sinking at once in the fresh water rivers into
which they may chance to fall. Only those that grow near the sea, in
mangrove swamps and the like, or at any rate near brackish water, will
float. These, however, apparently float indefinitely without loss of
germinating power. There is abundant evidence that many plants of
oceanic islands have similar characteristics so far as their inland and
seaside forms are concerned.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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