Brazil’s gifts to the pharmacopeias of the world have also been very valuable. Discovery, or rather publication in Europe of the medicinal properties of many Brazilian plants is due to Piso, author with Marcgrav (“een geboren Duitscher”) of the work _De Medicina Brasiliensi_, etc., of 1648, already mentioned. This monumental publication was undertaken under the patronage of Count John Maurice of Nassau, Governor of North Brazil during the period of Dutch occupation, a far-seeing man whose portraits are to be seen in the public galleries of Amsterdam and Brussels. Nearly all the Brazilian plants with notable medicinal properties are fully described and illustrated in this book: among them, and perhaps the best known, is Ipecacuanha, obtained from the root of _Cephalis ipecacuanha_, native to the damp shady forests of Brazil. This drug was first mentioned in an account of Brazil given by a Portuguese friar in Purchas’s _Pilgrimes_, 1625, where it is called _Ipecaya_, so that it is clear that Piso, although the first to bring the drug to the notice of European medical men, was not the discoverer of its qualities. In England the famous physician John Pechey was the first savant to bring ipecacuanha to general notice in his _Observations made upon the Brasilian root called Ipepocoanha_, issued in 1682; a few years later it was firmly established in European medicine. In 1686, says A. C. Wootton (_Chronicles of Pharmacy_, 1910) Louis XIV bought from Jean Adrien Helvetius the secret of a medicine with which a number of remarkable cures had been performed; Helvetius, whose patronymic was Schweitzer, was the son of a Dutch quack, and he not only made his own fortune out of ipecacuanha (the royal gift alone was a thousand louis d’or) but got the appointment of Inspector General of the hospitals of Flanders and court physician to the Duke of Orleans. Another famous drug from Brazil is the Balsam of Capevi (or Copaiba— Copaiva), the sap of _Copaifera officinalis_, a genus of the leguminous order of plants; it was described by Piso; is mentioned in Edward Cooke’s _Voyage to the South Sea and round the World_, published in 1712, and first made its appearance in English gardens in 1774, having previously figured in Jacquin’s _Stirpium Americanarum Historia_, 1763.